Nitrogen-deficient plants are noticeably smaller due to a reduction in lateral shoot development.

With leaves removed, it is clear to see that the nitrogen-deficient stem has turned red.

Overall the plants are severely stunted and are uniformly light green.

At the advanced stage the lower foliage turns from a light green to yellow, which eventually develops a tan papery necrosis. Small brown to red spots appear on the recently mature leaves of the upper foliage and fuse together to form brown patches.

Initially phosphorus-deficient plants have darker green upper leaves than the control with a slightly stunted appearance. The stem turns a brownish-red color and progresses from the base upward.

As symptoms progress, brown necrotic patches form on the tips and margins of the lower mature leaves.

Phosphorus-deficient leaves are slightly smaller and pale green when compared to the control. Marginal leaf tip chlorosis moves toward the base and quickly turns to a brown papery necrosis.

Initial symptoms of potassium-deficient plants include small chlorotic spots appearing at the leaf tips of the lower mature leaves. Leaves are slightly deformed and rolled under, when compared to the control.

At the advanced stage, overall plant size is smaller and necrosis begins on the mature leaf tips and progresses to the base as brown withered tissue.

Leaf size is smaller and the mature leaves turn uniformly greenish-yellow. The leaf tips become chlorotic turning yellow then brown resulting in a papery burn.

Initial symptoms for calcium-deficient plants include smaller deformed young leaves with a brownish-tan discoloration starting at the base progressing to the leaf tip.

As symptoms progress the young leaves develop small brown to black spots on the already discolored region. Increased deformation of the young leaves is apparent.

Necrosis quickly advances, as young leaves turn a rusty brown color and become withered. A tan necrosis moves from the base to the tips on the recently mature leaves.

Flower stalks turn greenish-yellow then brown and eventually collapse. As the deficiency advances, flowers become deformed and incomplete.

Magnesium-deficient plants have a light green interveinal chlorosis.

The light green chlorosis advances to a greenish-yellow to yellow interveinal chlorosis. Within the yellowing areas small tan translucent spots appear which quickly turn brown and begin to fuse together.

Advanced symptoms include marginal leaf necrosis and yellow interveinal chlorosis.

Plants are slightly smaller and young leaves have a light greenish-yellow color.

As symptoms progress, the overall size of the plant is severely stunted. Young and recently mature leaves of sulfur deficient plants are light green with yellow marginal chlorosis, when compared to the control.

Young leaves of boron-deficient plants are deformed and slightly darker.

Around the growing point, small deformed axillary shoots cause a rosette-like appearance to be observed.

Boron-deficient plants are stunted and compact because the terminal shoot has stopped growing.

Advanced symptoms of boron deficiency show that the leaves are severely deformed and leathery. Small brown necrotic spots appear in the middle of the leaf. Brown necrosis also occurs on the basal region of the midvein progressing toward the leaf tip.

Boron deficiency causes the flowers to be incomplete with deformed ray petals.

Initial symptoms show small brown spots on the recently mature leaf tips.

As symptoms progress, the spots fuse together and form yellow to brown necrotic patches, when compared to the control.

The patches turn to large tan papery regions at the leaf tips.

Plants are darker green with advanced leaf tip necrosis, when compared to control.

Initial symptoms develop as a light green chlorosis on the younger leaves.

Recently mature leaves have a light green interveinal chlorosis.

(Left) Severe interveinal chlorosis of the young to upper mature leaves. (Right) Advanced symptoms develop into bleaching of the young leaves; recently mature leaves are light green while the lowest mature leaves remain green.

Manganese-deficient leaves develop a uniform light green color beginning at the leaf base that moves toward the leaf tips.

Small translucent spots begin to fuse together forming small brown patches on the recently mature leaves.

With advanced symptoms, the overall plant is a lime green color. The chlorosis originates in the upper part of the plant and progresses downward.

A comparison of the recently mature and mature leaves displays a uniform yellowish-green interveinal chlorosis, when compared to the control. Necrotic spots and patches appear on the maturing leaves beginning in the middle and progress toward the tip.

On the recently mature leaves, the leaf tips have a light green chlorosis and plants are slightly smaller than the control.

Random brown necrotic spots appear on the margins of the leaves giving the leaf tips a brown cast. Overall size of the plant is 40% smaller than the control.

The leaves are a light greenish-yellow color and slightly smaller than the control. The necrotic spots have fused along the margins of the leaf tips and subsequently form large necrotic regions toward the base of the leaf.