Initially, nitrogen-deficient plants are smaller and express a light green color when compared to the control.

As symptoms progress the plant becomes severely stunted and has an upright architecture.

Advanced symptoms include smaller uniformly chlorotic young and recently mature leaves and lower leaf yellowing.

Phosphorus-deficient plants are pale green in color and initially develop small tan to brown necrotic spots on the young and recently mature leaves.

Plants are compact and have less axillary branching. The lower mature leaves are chlorotic and are progressing into necrosis.

Under advanced symptoms, chlorotic mature leaves exhibit random brown necrotic patches.

Potassium-deficiency is observed as a yellowing of the lower mature leaves, which begins at the leaf tips and progresses to the base.

The upper and lower mature leaves are cupped and curl downward compared to the control.

As symptoms progress the mid to upper mature leaves of the shoot tip form small brown necrotic patches at the leaf base.

Light green interveinal chlorosis of the young to mature leaves is the initial symptom of calcium-deficiency.

Axillary shoot development and leaf expansion is less and the plant appears stunted.

Leaf comparison of chlorotic calcium-deficient leaves and control leaves: calcium-deficient leaves are smaller and cupped inward compared to the control leaves.

Chlorotic shoots turn light yellow and the young leaves develop a brown necrosis on the tips. Bud abortion and flower inhibition are common symptoms with calcium deficiency.

Initial magnesium-deficient symptoms show that the young and recently mature leaves are light green and appear slightly enlarged when compared to the control.

As symptoms progress a distinct chlorosis appears on the recently mature and mature leaves. The margins are light green while the midrib remains a dark green.

Advanced symptoms show random tan necrotic spots appearing on the chlorotic mature leaves.

Sulfur deficient plants are small and uniformly chlorotic when compared to the control.

Shoot elongation is less and the plants are stiff and compact. The young and recently mature leaves are a lime green color when compared to the control.

Overall leaf size is slightly smaller and chlorotic leaves begin to develop tip necrosis.

Initially, young leaves of boron-deficient plants become deformed and chlorotic.

A yellow-green interveinal chlorosis progresses down the shoot affecting the young to the mature leaves.

At the advanced stage a severe interveinal chlorosis develops and lateral shoots are minute. Recently mature leaves turn to a brown papery necrosis and eventually fall off.

Boron-deficient shoots are short and rigid with leathery leaves when compared to the control. Flowering is less and bud abortion often occurs.

The shoot apex of copper-deficient plants remains unfurled and the young leaves fold inwards, giving the shoot tip a tight compact appearance.

A close-up of chlorotic shoot tip under advanced symptoms shows extreme leaf folding. The young and recently mature leaves also appear narrower than the control.

At the advanced stage copper-deficient plants are stunted with little axillary shoot development.

Symptoms develop rapidly as the young leaves and recently mature leaves turn a light green color.

As symptoms progress, the mature leaves remain dark green while the young and recently mature leaves become evidently more chlorotic.

A yellow-green chlorosis progresses down the plant and the affected leaves begin to fold inward and curve at the base. The youngest leaves have turned brown and necrotic.

Eventually the young chlorotic leaves turn white then ultimately develop necrosis.

Initial manganese-deficiency shows the young leaves with a faint chlorosis. Overall the entire plant is a dull light green.

Recently mature to mature leaves twist and roll under at the margins and are a lighter green color compared to the control.

A tan-white necrosis affects the leaf margins of the mature leaves and eventually develops over the entire leaf.

Zinc-deficient plants have chlorotic deformed shoot tips.

As symptoms progress, the youngest to recently mature leaves develop patches of brown spots in the middle of the leaves. The necrosis moves from the margin inward. The affected leaves also have a random yellow-green chlorosis, curl downward and fold inward.