Table of Contents
3. Queen Rearing (Artificial Insemination)
VI. Literature Cited
VII. APPENDIX – DIRECTORIES
A. N. C. Honey Bee Advisory Committee
B. AHB Action List
C. N.C. Cooperative Extension Service Personnel
D. N.C. State Beekeepers Association
North Carolina Africanized Honey Bee (AHB) Action Plan
I. Background Information
:The introduction of the Africanized Honey Bee (AHB) into the Americas resulted from a research experiment mishap in Sao Paulo, Brazil in 1956 (Rinderer 1988). African bees were imported into that area to determine if they were superior to European bees in honey production. The African bees escaped and mated with the European honey bees (EHB) in the area, producing "Africanized" bees. The bees have since been moving northward at a rate of 300 miles per year. The AHB is now established in Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, southern California, and southern Nevada. Recent citations note the AHB is now established in southern Utah as well.
It is currently unclear how far north the AHB will be able to spread in the U.S. Sub-zero temperatures are experienced by the AHB over much of its native range. Perennial colonies exist in Africa at altitudes of almost 2000 meters (6500 feet), where snow lasts for up to a week at a time, and absolute minimum temperatures of less than 0 degrees C ( 32 degrees F) are found for 6 months of the year (Fletcher 1978). Recent studies have shown the overwintering behavior of the AHB is very similar to the EHB (Dietz et al. 1988).
The North Carolina AHB plan is a joint effort of the North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (NCDA&CS) and North Carolina State University (NCSU). The plan has been developed within a framework established by the United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA, APHIS) and other state plans. The North Carolina Africanized Honey Bee Action Plan takes a five fold approach to the AHB problem. The first step will be to utilize the North Carolina Honey Bee Identification Laboratory for accurate and timely analyses of honey bee races. The second goal is to initiate a vigorous program to educate the state's beekeepers, the general public, pest control operators, and the medical and public health community. Thirdly, quarantine initiatives will be established to slow the spread of the AHB into the state, and to manage the AHB after it becomes established. Fourth, research into the pollination ecology and swarming biology of the AHB is needed. Lastly, the plan calls for an organized effort to establish North Carolina as a self sufficient beekeeping community with ample queen and package resources to meet the needs of the state's beekeepers.
The NCDA&CS is experienced in restricting honey bee movement from out-of-state sources and has maintained a strict quarantine to prevent the introduction of the Varroa mite and other unwanted bee pests. As part of the quarantine, queen and package bees are allowed entry into the state only from establishments that have entered into a compliance agreement directly with the NCDA&CS. Migratory beekeepers have not been allowed to enter North Carolina since 1984. Fortunately, North Carolina's agricultural industry is self sufficient in terms of its pollination needs.
In 1987, NCSU&CS & NCSU in conjunction with the USDA, APHIS began preparations for the anticipated arrival of the AHB. The first measure taken was the establishment of "bee free zones" around the state's two ports at Morehead City and Wilmington. In November 1989, the state's first AHB incident occurred at the Morehead City Port. A feral AHB swarm was discovered in the subflooring of an office trailer that had been shipped from Honduras to North Carolina. The hive was destroyed, and survey procedures were initiated to determine the extent of the infestation. The "bee free zone" encompasses a two mile radius around each port. Managed bees are not permitted in this zone. Due to the absence of bees in the area, survey procedures were greatly simplified. It was quickly determined that this was an isolated incident and that the AHB was not present in the area.
An AHB Advisory Committee was also appointed in 1987. Members of the advisory committee were selected to represent beekeeping interests from across the state. This initial committee was composed of representatives from the N.C. Beekeepers Association, commercial beekeepers, NCDA, NCSU, and the United States Department of Agriculture. The main function of the committee is to act in a planning and advisory role to minimize the potential impact of the AHB on North Carolina Agriculture. The committee has met at least once a year since it was first formed. The committee is also responsible for developing and approving the final draft of the North Carolina AHB Action Plan. In 2001, the committee’s responsibilities were expanded to include all honey bee pests and the committee was renamed the North Carolina Honey Bee Advisory Committee. Current committee members are listed in Appendix A.
II. Africanized Honey Bee Characteristics
The AHB, Apis mellifera subsp. scutellata Ruttner, is a subspecies of the European Honey Bee (EHB), Apis mellifera L. While the two varieties of A. mellifera exhibit many similar biological and behavioral characteristics, there remain some very fundamental differences.
AHBs are probably most renowned for their defensive behavior. If AHB nests are disturbed, they will retaliate more quickly and in greater numbers than their European relatives (Rinderer 1988). It has been reported AHBs will pursue people or animals as much 600 feet from an apiary (Rinderer 1988). Reports also indicate stinging incidents can be as much as 10 times greater compared to the reaction of EHBs during a single encounter (Rinderer 1988). Fortunately, the AHB sting is very similar to that of a EHB in terms of the amount of venom administered and its chemical composition. Swarming AHBs are generally no more aggressive than their European counterparts.
The AHB has been observed to be a great deal more difficult to manage than the EHB. This is due in part to their tendency towards frequent swarming and absconding (a condition where all bees abandon the hive in mass). There have been documented examples of AHB swarms actually taking over queenless European colonies and usurping small EHB colonies by killing the queen (Otis 1986). Since the AHB is capable of producing adult bees more quickly than the EHB, the colonies become completely Africanized within a few weeks. Absconding generally occurs when an area's nectar or pollen supply becomes depleted (Winston 1988). The entire colony will abandon its nesting site and may seek out a new nest site some distance from the original. The swarming and absconding biology of the AHB may pose serious management problems for beekeepers who are not accustomed to dealing with such behavior.
The AHB is also noted for its diverse preference of nesting sites (Moffett & Maki 1988). For example, in South and Central America, AHB hives have been found in old rodent burrows, abandoned cars, discarded baskets, and buckets. Such locations are generally not considered suitable to EHB colonies.
Should the AHB become established in North Carolina, beekeepers will no doubt be forced to learn new management techniques to adjust to a new age in beekeeping. It is a challenge that may discourage some beekeepers; however, many will eagerly meet the obstacles ahead. The AHB has never been in an area where the beekeepers are so well trained and have as many resources available as they do in North Carolina. Beekeepers, with the assistance of the applicable state agencies, should be able to deal with AHBs unless they are hindered by unfavorable public reactions (including municipal restrictions towards honey bees and beekeeping).
III. Value of Bees and Beekeeping in North Carolina
It has been estimated that the AHB's arrival in the U.S. will be felt most severely by the beekeeping industry. There are approximately 10,000 beekeepers in North Carolina who manage approximately 120,000 colonies of bees either for honey production, pollination services, or both. Collectively, North Carolina's honey yields average 5.5 million pounds annually.
When compared to the value of crop pollination, honey production makes a minor contribution to the beekeeping industry. According to agricultural statistics released by the NCDA&CS and the N.C. Cooperative Extension Service, crop pollination by honey bees is valued at over 68 million dollars annually. Crops requiring honey bee pollination (where the grower actually pays a fee for the service) include apples ($21 million), blueberries ($11 million), cucumbers ($21.5 million), squash ($5 million), melons ($4 million), watermelon ($5 million) and other minor crops ($0.8 million). In addition, the estimated benefits from the direct pollination of crops, including beans, other fruits, and some forages, are estimated to be over $171 million dollars. Honeybees also benefit wildlife by pollinating their food plants. It would be very difficult to estimate the ecological value of honeybees; however, it can be assumed that this value equals or perhaps surpasses their agricultural value. The financial hardships created by the AHB's arrival will no doubt be passed from the beekeeper to the farmer and ultimately, to the consumer.
There are several small, thriving queen and package bee producing establishments located in North Carolina. Collectively, they contribute a small but growing value to beekeeping in North Carolina.
The following is a list of potential problems and concerns that could occur once the AHB is present in North Carolina:
a. NCCES personnel will give presentations to school, commodity, and civic groups on the AHB.
b. Bulletins, slide sets and videos on the AHB will be produced for distribution throughout the state. This will also include working through the print and television media.
c. Master Beekeepers and qualified Journeyman Beekeepers from the N.C. Master Beekeeper Program will be trained and used to act as resources for providing local information on the AHB.
The AHB is anticipated to arrive in the U.S. in the early 1990's. Historically, beekeepers have dealt with elimination of honeybees from areas where they were considered a nuisance. They did this as a public service without the use of pesticides. Because of its biology, the AHB may present a more visible problem in some locations than European bees. Without proper training, many beekeepers may not be equipped to deal with the new problem in a safe and effective way.
The N.C. Pesticide Licensing and Certification Program provides a groundwork for environmental protection. Training for a new group of bee handler/pest management technicians may be needed. The purpose of such a program would be to minimize the public health and environmental problems that may be associated with the entry of AHBs into North Carolina.
A cooperative effort should be established between the NCDA Pesticide Division and the NCSU Extension Service. The Extension Service should instruct potential bee handlers/pest management technicians in bee removal and structural pesticide application. The NCDA should add a licensing category to its public applicators licensing program to certify professionals passing the test. The two major goals are to: (1) reduce accident/injury associated with swarm control; and (2) minimize environmental hazards associated with pesticide use.
It is essential that these agencies know hoe to obtain "expert" assistance to deal with AHBs or any other stinging insect situation, and also that their personnel have some basic knowledge regarding the insects. Pilot programs are also being developed by the N. C. Cooperative Extension Service to provide some basic training to the police and fire departments and to assist them in locating "expert" assistance as needed. In many instances, it will be the N. C. Master Beekeepers in an area who will serve as the expert assistance.
A training program was conducted in Graham, N. C. which involved all of the local and county police departments. This session introduced the participants to Africanized honey bees and covered the basic biology and behavior of the AHBs and related stinging insects such as yellow jackets and other wasps. This program will be expanded to include other county police and fire departments.
Detection and Protocol:
If the AHB is detected or suspected in managed bee colonies in advance of a general infestation, then the following plan will be implemented:
i. Drone and queen traps will be installed on all hives located in the suspect apiary to prevent the spread of reproductives.
ii. Comb cells will be measured and colonies observed for AHB behavioral traits in order to select colonies that should be sampled for full morphometric analysis.
iii. All suspect colonies in the apiary will be sampled to determine the extent of the AHB infestation.
iv. All samples will be submitted to the NCDA&CS Honey Bee Identification Lab for AHB determination
v. If AHB is confirmed, then the survey procedure will begin.
Survey Procedure:
The objective is to locate all feral or managed bees within a 3 mile radius of the suspected AHB find.
i. Local beekeepers, especially N.C. Master Beekeepers, will be contacted through county and state beekeeping organizations, and the County and State Cooperative Extension Service.
ii. Persons knowledgeable about the area of AHB infestation will be interviewed. Firemen, policemen, foresters, and game wardens may be able to provide information on feral and managed bee locations.
iii. Local residences will be interviewed door to door using handouts and/or personal communication.
iv. Any movement of honeybees in a 3 mile radius of the suspected AHB find will be monitored.
v. All feral and managed bee locations will be plotted using a GPS.
Eradication or Control:
At the discretion of the State Apiarist, any or all of the following may be executed:
i. A quarantine, under the authority of the Commissioner of Agriculture will be enacted to prevent further spread of the AHB. The quarantine will minimally encompass a 3 mile radius with the suspect yard at the epicenter. Additional quarantine areas will be initiated if needed. Movement of bees in the quarantine zone will be regulated.
ii. Managed bee hives within the 3 mile radius will be sampled. Mandatory requeening of these colonies with certified EHB queens may be required.
iii. Depopulation or mandatory requeening of all hives in the suspect apiary may be required, using queens of known European descent.
iv. Bees in requeened hives will be monitored for AHB traits until released by the state apiarist.
v. The state apiarist will use beelining and/or placement of poison bait stations for control of AHB infestations in the feral bee population. Identified feral colonies will be destroyed as necessary.
Chemical Control: Consult Current Copy of North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Handbook
Detection and Control
If swarms of feral bees are found in areas considered at high risk for AHB, then the following plan will be implemented. Examples of high risk areas in North Carolina include the state ports in Wilmington and Morehead City.
i. Destroy the suspect swarm immediately using a "Wasp Freeze" type pesticide labeled for bees, wasps and hornets.
ii. Collect a sample of > 200 bees; mail 100 bees in 70% EtOH to the Honey Bee Identification Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center-East Building 476 Beltsville, MD 20705 for AHB determination. The remaining bees that are preserved in EtOH should be forwarded to the NCDA&CS Honeybee Diagnostic Lab, 950 E. Chatham St., Cary, NC 27511 to determine the presence of Varroa mite (Varroa jacobsoni) and/or tracheal mite (Acarapis woodi).
iii. If AHB or Varroa mite are confirmed, then initiate the survey procedures.
Survey Procedure:
Using the suspect find as the epicenter, a survey will be initiated encompassing a 3 mile radius. The objective of the survey is to locate all managed and feral bees within the a 3 mile radius. The following methods may be employed in the survey if deemed necessary by the state apiarist.
i. County and state beekeeping organizations and NC Master Beekeepers will be contacted.
ii. County and state cooperative extension service will be contacted.
iii. The news media will be contacted through the NCDA public affairs office.
iv. Persons knowledgeable about the area will be interviewed. Firemen, policemen, foresters, and game wardens should be useful resources.
v. The placement and monitoring of pheromone baited hives in the area will be employed.
vi. Honey bee bait stations will be placed and monitored to determine the feral bee distribution in the area.
vii. Sampling, removal or requeening of managed bees in the area will be required as appropriate.
viii. Beelining and placement of poison bait stations may be employed as appropriate.
ix. Any movement of bees into or out of the area may be regulated.
2. Action Plan For a General Africanized Honey Bee Infestation in North Carolina
a. Destroy all Africanized bee colonies when encountered using an approved pesticide.
b. Mandatory requeening of all honey bee colonies may be required on an annual basis (or more frequently if necessary).
i. Marked certified queens of European descent must be used.
ii. Unmarked queens must be destroyed and replaced.
iii. All aggressive colonies must be requeened or destroyed.
iv. Maintain requeening records and sales receipts to be shown to NCDA&CS Apiary Inspectors upon request.
c. Conduct a vigorous program for controlling wild bee (feral) populations around apiaries.
i. Maintain swarm boxes in the immediate vicinity of all apiaries. Replace pheromone lures every six months or as needed.
ii. Inspect traps on a weekly basis and destroy all feral swarms encountered.
d. Drone management
i. At least 10% of all colonies in an apiary are to be managed for EHB drone production.
C. Research Priorities
1. Pollination - The major justification for a strong beekeeping industry in North Carolina is the pollination service bees provide. The arrival of the AHB would negatively affect that service in several ways, including the availability of bees for pollination and reluctance by growers to use bees which may be aggressive. Emphasis will continue through the N.C. Cooperative Extension Service on educating grower groups about the importance of honey bees for the pollination of selected crops (apples, berries, and vine crops) and the expected agricultural impact of the AHB arrival. In addition, research will continue at NCSU (Agricultural Research Service) on optimizing the use of honey bees in crop pollination. This work will include the use of bee attractants on crops, which may reduce the number of bees and amount of time required for adequate crop pollination. When the AHB arrives in North Carolina, research will also be initiated on reducing the tendency of AHBs to abscond when they are being transported for activities such as crop pollination. Earlier work will also be continued on the use of other pollinating insects (such as Osmia spp. And Bombus spp.) as supplementary pollinators.
3. Queen Rearing (Artificial Insemination)-If the AHBs become established in North Carolina, then it will be essential to have stocks of know (certified) European honey bees that can be used to provide queens to requeen Africanized honey bee colonies. At the present time, most of the queen bee stock used in North Carolina comes from Florida and the southeastern states. Those sources of European honey bees may no longer be available if the AHBs become established in the states to the south of North Carolina.
One solution to this problem is to develop and maintain a queen rearing facility at NCSU which will emphasize artificial insemination to assure that known stock is being used to produce queen honey bees for dissemination to beekeepers throughout the state. NCSU is currently in the process of establishing a queen rearing operation for use in developing and maintaining resistance by honey bees to tracheal and Varroa mites.
The establishment of a queen rearing facility at NCSU that utilizes artificial insemination to control the genetics of the queen bee program would benefit the state’s beekeepers in several problem areas. First, it would provide certified European honey bee stock that could be used to requeen Africanized honey bee colonies on an as needed basis. In addition, it could also be used to continue the NCSU research on developing honey bees that are resistant to tracheal mites and to Varroa mites.
D. Development of a Self-Sufficient Queen and Package Industry.
Recommendations:
1. Develop a state supported program to provide artificially inseminated EHB breeder queens to the state's queen and package producers. Nurture existing queen and package producers currently operating in the state.
a. Work with these businesses to obtain funding (grants, government loans) for expansion.
b. Provide technical assistance to improve product quality.
c. Encourage the development of new queen and package
producers in the state.
VI. Literature Cited
Deitz, A., R. Krell and J. Petlis. 1988. Survival of Africanized and European honey-bee
colonies confined in a refrigeration chamber. Chapter 29 in: Africanized Honey Bees and Bee mites. Edited by G.R. Needham, R.E. Page, Jr., Mercedes Delfinado - Baker and C.E. Bowman. Ellis Horwood Limited, Great Britain. 572 pp
Fletcher, D.T.C. 1978. The African Bee, Apis mellifera adansonii, in Africa. Ann. Rev.
Entomol. 23: 151 -171.
Moffett, J.D. and D.L. Maki. 1988. Venezuela and the Africanized Bee. Amer. Bee Jour 128: 827-830.
Otis, G.W. 1986. Swarming and Population Growth of Africanized Bees. Session #1 in:
Proceedings of the Africanized Honey Bee Symposium. American Farm Bureau. Atlanta, Georgia. 129 pp.
Rinderer, T.E. 1988. Evolutionary aspects of the Africanization of honey-bee populations in the Americas. Chapter 2 in: Africanized Honey Bees and Bee Mites. Edited by Needham, G.R.,R.E. Page Jr., Mercedes Delfinado-Baker and C.E. Bowman. Ellis Horwood Limited, Great Britain. 572 pp.
Winston, M.L. 1988. The Impact of a tropical - evolved honey bee in temperate climates of
North America. Chapter 16 in: Africanized Honey Bees and Bee mites. Edited by Needham G.R.,R.E. Page, Jr. Mercedes Delfinado-Baker and C.E. Bowman. Ellis Horwood Limited, Great Britain. 572 pp.
VII. Directories
APPENDIX A
North Carolina Honey Bee Advisory Committee
WILLARD A. DICKERSON (Chairman)
NCDA&CS, PLANT INDUSTRY DIVISION
P.O. BOX 27647
RALEIGH, NC 27611
J. T. AMBROSE
PROFESSOR OF ENTOMOLOGY
NC STATE UNIVERSITY
P.O.BOX 7626
RALEIGH, NC 27695-7626
DON MOORE
PRESIDENT NC BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATION
3634 STONEY CREEK CHURCH ROAD
ELON COLLEGE, NC 27244-9514
DON HOPKINS
STATE APIARIST
NCDA&CS PLANT INDUSTRY DIVISION
PLANT PROTECTION SECTION
P. O. BOX 27647
RALEIGH, NC 27611
SAM COX (COMMERCIAL BEEKEEPER)
412 W QUEEN ST
EDENTON, NC 27932
KATHY KIDD
NCDA, PLANT PROTECTION
PO BOX 27647
RALEIGH, N.C. 27611
JIM KELLY
USDA, APHIS, PPQ
1815 GARDNER DRIVE
WILMINGTON, NC 28405-8650
ED BUCHANAN
602 BLUE RIDGE RD.
BLACK MOUNTAIN, NC 28711
GREG ROGERS
15 GRAHAM RD.
ASHEVILLE, NC 28805
GENE CROSS
NCDA&CS PLANT INDUSTRY DIVISION
PLANT PROTECTION SECTION
P. O. BOX 27647
RALEIGH, NC 27611
MIKE STANGHELLINI
NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY
P.O. BOX 33803
RALEIGH, NC 27636-3803
APPENDIX B
AHB ACTION LIST
The following list is composed of representatives with AHB responsibilities from N.C. Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, N.C. State University and U.S. Department of Agriculture. One of the persons listed below should be contacted first in the event of an incident where it is suspected that AHB is involved. This person will be in charge of contacting the State Apiarist or authorized representative to begin implementation of the N.C. AHB Action Plan.
NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND CONSUMER SERVICES
DON HOPKINS
STATE APIARIST AND APIARY INSPECTION SUPERVISOR
OFFICE: P.O. BOX 27647
RALEIGH, N.C. 27611
PHONE: (919) 233-8214
CELL PHONE: (919) 218-3310
HOME: 381 GRIFFIN ROAD
SNOW CAMP, NC 27349
(336) 376-8250
KATHLEEN KIDD
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL ADMINISTRATOR
OFFICE: P.O. BOX 27647
RALEIGH, N.C. 27611
(919) 233-8214
HOME: 2616 DAVIS STREET
RALEIGH, NC 27608
(919) 782-7926
ADOLPHUS LEONARD
APIARY INPSECTOR
HOME: P.O. BOX 155
FALKLAND, NC 27827
(252) 830-0275
CELL PHONE: (252) 916-3444
BILL SHEPPARD
APIARY INSPECTOR
HOME: 265 CAROLINA ROAD
ABERDEEN, NC 28315
(919) 944-3647
CELL PHONE: (910) 690-9555
JACK HANEL
APIARY INSPECTOR
HOME: 25 STOKES DRIVE
ASHEVILLE, NC 28805
(828) 298-2419
CELL PHONE: (828) 230-4544
RICHARD LIPPARD
APIARY INSPECTOR
HOME: 119 TERRY SPRINGS LANE
STATESVILLE, NC 28677
(704) 528-9774
CELL PHONE: (704) 880-3056
WILL HICKS
APIARY INSPECTOR
HOME: 327 JOHN ALLEN ROAD
ROXBORO, NC 27573
(919) 599-6345
CELL PHONE: (919) 691-0022
NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY
DR. JOHN AMBROSE
ASSISTANT VICE PROVOST AND DIRECTOR, FIRST YEAR COLLEGE
OFFICE: CAMPUS BOX 7925
43 TUCKER HALL
RALEIGH, NC 27695-7925
(919) 515-8498
HOME: 8001 HAYMARKET LANE
RALEIGH, N.C. 27615
(919) 847-9570
DR. MIKE STANGHELLINI
RESEARCH ASSOCIATE, APICULTURE
OFFICE: P.O. BOX 7626
RALEIGH, NC 27695-7626
(919) 515-1660
HOME: 2805-A O’KELLY ST.
RALEIGH, NC 27607
(919) 834-3273
JOSH RUBINSTEIN, GRADUATE STUDENT
OFFICE: P. O. BOX 7626
RALEIGH, NC 27695-7626
(919) 515-1660
HOME: 2805-A O’KELLY ST.
RALEIGH, NC 27607
(919) 834-3273
JENNIFER KELLER, GRADUATE STUDENT
OFFICE: P. O. BOX 7626
RALEIGH, NC 27695-7626
(919) 515-1660
HOME: 2707 ˝ VANDERBILT AVE.
RALEIGH, NC 27607
(919) 835-0313
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
JIM KELLY
OFFICE: WILMINGTON WORK UNIT
1815 GARDNER DR.
WILMINGTON, NC 28405-8650
(910) 815-4664
APPENDIX C
N.C. COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICES PERSONNEL
STATE APICULTURIST
DR. JOHN T. AMBROSE
BOX 7626
NCSU, RALEIGH, NC 27695-7626
(919) 515-1660
NORTH CAROLINA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE
RETT DAVIS, ALAMANCE CO EXT DIRECTOR, 209 N GRAHAM HOPEDALE RD
BURLINGTON NC 27217, 336.570.6740
LINDSAY ROGERS, ALEXANDER CO EXT DIRECTOR, 255 LILEDOUN RD BOX 5
TAYLORSVILLE NC 28681, 828.632.4451
BOB EDWARDS, ALLEGHANY CO EXT DIRECTOR, PO BOX 7, SPARTA NC 28675-0007
336.372.5597
J RUSSELL SIKES, ANSON CO EXT DIRECTOR, PO BOX 633, WADESBORO NC 28170
704.694.2915
JULIE LANDRY, INTERIM ASHE CO EXT DIRECTOR, PO BOX 359, JEFFERSON NC 28640-0359, 336.219-2650
J MICHAEL PITMAN, AVERY CO EXT DIRECTOR, PO BOX 280, NEWLAND NC 28657-0280
828.733.8270
ANN DARKOW, BEAUFORT CO EXT DIR, PO BOX 1967, WASHINGTON NC 27889-1967, 252.946.0111
WILLIAM GRIFFIN, BERTIE CO EXT DIRECTOR, PO BOX 280,WINDSOR NC 27983-0280
252.794.5317
MARTHA WARNER, BLADEN CO EXT DIRECTOR, PO BOX 249,ELIZABETHTOWN NC 28337-0249, 910.862.4591
PHILLIP RICKS, BRUNSWICK CO EXT DIRECTOR, PO BOX 109, BOLIVIA NC 28422-0109
910.253.2610
KENNETH REEVES, BUNCOMBE CO EXT DIRECTOR, PO BOX 7667, ASHEVILLE NC 28802-7667, 828.255.5522
O REAGAN AMMONS, BURKE CO EXT DIRECTOR, 700 E PARKER RD ROOM 105, MORGANTON NC 28655, 828.439.4460
DEBBIE BOST, CABARRUS CO EXT DIR, PO BOX 387, CONCORD NC 28026-0387,
704.792.0430
ALLEN CALDWELL, CALDWELL CO EXT DIRECTOR, 120 HOSPITAL AVE NE
LENOIR NC 28645,828.757.1290
FREDDIE O’NEAL, CAMDEN CO EXT DIRECTOR, PO BOX 129,CAMDEN NC 27921-0129
252.338.1919
A RAY HARRIS, CARTERET CO EXT DIRECTOR, 303 COLLEGE CIR, MOREHEAD CITY NC 28557, 252.222.6352
LARRY WHITT, CASWELL CO EXT DIRECTOR, PO BOX 220, YANCEYVILLE NC 27379
336.694.4158
N FRED MILLER, CATAWBA CO EXT DIRECTOR, PO BOX 389, NEWTON NC 28658-0389
828.465.8240
GLENN WOOLARD, CHATHAM CO EXT DIRECTOR, PO BOX 279, PITTSBORO NC 27312-0279, 919.542.8202
DOUGLAS CLEMENT, CHEROKEE CO EXT DIR, 39 PEACHTREE ST STE 103, MURPHY NC 28906, 828.837.2210
KATHY DUGAN, CHEROKEE RES DIRECTOR, PO BOX 456, CHEROKEE NC 28719-0456, 828.497.3521
J MICHAEL WILLIAMS, CHOWAN CO EXT DIRECTOR, 730 N GRANVILLE ST STE A
EDENTON NC 27932, 252.482.6585
KENNETH MCCASKILL, CLAY CO EXT DIRECTOR, PO BOX 156, HAYESVILLE NC 28904-0156, 828.389.6305
GREG TRAYWICK, CLEVELAND CO EXT DIRECTOR, 130-1 S POST RD, SHELBY NC 28152
704.482.4365
JACQUELINE ROSEBORO, COLUMBUS CO EXT DIRECTOR, 45 GOVERNMENT COMPLEX RD, WHITEVILLE NC 28472, 910.640.6605
J WILLIAM DUNHAM, CRAVEN CO EXT DIRECTOR, 300 INDUSTRIAL DR, NEW BERN NC 28562, 252.633.1477
GEORGE AUTRY, CUMBERLAND CO EXT DIR, 301 E MOUNTAIN DR, FAYETTEVILLE NC 28306-3422, 910.321.6860
M RODNEY SAWYER, CURRITUCK CO EXT DIRECTOR, PO BOX 10, CURRITUCK NC 27929-0010, 252.232.2261
ANN WARD, DARE CO EXT DIRECTOR, PO BOX 968, MANTEO NC 27954-0968, 252.473.1101
ROBERT LOPP, DAVIDSON CO EXT DIR, 301 E CENTER ST, LEXINGTON NC 27292, 336.242.2080
RONNIE THOMPSON, DAVIE CO EXT DIRECTOR, 180 S MAIN ST, MOCKSVILLE NC 27028
336.751.6297
S EDWARD EMORY, DUPLIN CO EXT DIRECTOR, PO BOX 949, KENANSVILLE NC 28349-0949, 910.296.2143
CHERYL LLOYD, DURHAM CO EXT DIRECTOR, 721 FOSTER ST, DURHAM NC 27701
919.560.0525
JAMES PEARCE, EDGECOMBE CO EXT DIRECTOR, PO BOX 129, TARBORO NC 27886-0129
252.641.7815
MAURENE MINTON, FORSYTH CO EXT DIRECTOR, 1450 FAIRCHILD DR, WINSTON-SALEM NC 27105, 336.767.8213
CEDRIC JONES, FRANKLIN CO EXT DIRECTOR, 103 S BICKETT BLVD, LOUISBURG NC 27549, 919.496.3344
MARTHA BURRIS, GASTON CO EXT DIRECTOR, PO BOX 1578, GASTONIA NC 28053
704.922.2130
REBA GREEN-HOLLEY, GATES CO EXT DIRECTOR, PO BOX 46, GATESVILLE NC 27938-0046, 252.357.1400
TERESA GARLAND, GRAHAM CO EXT DIR, PO BOX 486, ROBBINSVILLE NC 28771-0486
828.479.7979
JOHNSIE CUNNINGHAM, GRANVILLE CO EXT DIRECTOR, PO BOX 926
OXFORD NC 27565-0926, 919.603.1350
W STAN DIXON, GREENE CO EXT DIRECTOR, 229 KINGOLD BLVD STE 3, SNOW HILL NC 28580, 252.747.5831
RETT DAVIS, ACTING GUILFORD CO EXT DIR, 3309 BURLINGTON RD, GREENSBORO NC 27405, 336.375.5876
PAT PEELE, HALIFAX CO EXT DIR, PO BOX 37, HALIFAX NC 27839-0037, 252.583.5161
JENNIFER WALKER, HARNETT CO EXT DIRECTOR, PO BOX 1089, LILLINGTON NC 27546-1089, 910.893.7530
WILLIAM SKELTON, HAYWOOD CO EXT DIRECTOR, PO BOX 308, WAYNESVILLE NC 28786, 828.456.3575
JOY STATON, HENDERSON CO EXT DIRECTOR, 740 GLOVER ST, HENDERSONVILLE NC 28792, 828.697.4891
DEBORAH HOWARD, HERTFORD CO EXT DIRECTOR, PO BOX 188, WINTON NC 27986-0188, 252.358.7822
CLINTON MCRAE, HOKE CO EXT DIRECTOR, PO BOX 578, RAEFORD NC 28376-0578
910.875.3461
JEAN BALANCE, HYDE CO EXT DIRECTOR, PO BOX 219, SWAN QUARTER NC 27885-0219
252.926.3201
KENNETH VAUGHN, IREDELL CO EXT DIRECTOR, PO BOX 311, STATESVILLE NC 28687
704.873.0507
JEFF SEILER, JACKSON CO EXT DIRECTOR, 538 SCOTTS CREEK RD, SYLVA NC 28779
828.586.4009
KENNETH BATEMAN, JOHNSTON CO EXT DIRECTOR, 806 NORTH ST, SMITHFIELD NC 27577, 919.989.5380
CURTIS FOUNTAIN, JONES CO EXT DIRECTOR, PO BOX 218, TRENTON NC 28585-0218
252.448.9621
JOHN HALL, LEE COUNTY EXT DIRECTOR, 2420 TRAMWAY RD, SANFORD NC 27332-9174
919.775.5624
MELISSA HIGHT, LENOIR CO EXT DIRECTOR, 1791 HWY 11/55, KINSTON NC 28504
252.527.2191
KEVIN STARR, LINCOLN CO EXT DIRECTOR, 115 W MAIN ST, LINCOLNTON NC 28092
704.736.8452
KENNETH MCCASKILL, MACON CO EXT DIRECTOR, 5 W MAIN ST, FRANKLIN NC 28734
828.349.2046
ROSS YOUNG, MADISON CO EXT DIRECTOR, PO BOX 609, MARSHALL NC 28753
828.649.2411
J B COLTRAIN, MARTIN CO EXT DIRECTOR, PO BOX 1148, WILLIAMSTON NC 27892
252.792.1621
DANIEL SMITH, MCDOWELL CO EXT DIRECTOR, 60 E COURT ST, MARION NC 28752
828.652.7121
CHAD WYKLE, ACTING MECKLENBURG CO EXT DIR, 700 N TRYON ST, CHARLOTTE NC 28202, 704.336.2561
J GARY HYATT, MITCHELL CO EXT DIRECTOR, PO BOX 366, BAKERSVILLE NC 28705
828.688.4811
SUSAN HAMILTON, MONTGOMERY CO EXT DIR, 203 W MAIN ST, TROY NC 27371
910.576.6011
BERT COFFER, MOORE CO EXT DIR, PO BOX 1149, CARTHAGE NC 28327-1149
910.947.3188
LINDA AYCOCK, NASH CO EXT DIRECTOR, AG CENTER DR, NASHVILLE NC 27856
252.459.9810
KENT WOOTEN, NEW HANOVER EXT DIRECTOR, 6206 OLEANDER DR, WILMINGTON NC 28403-3822, 910.452.6393
VERLENE STEPHENSON, INTERIM NORTHAMPTON CO EXT DIR, PO BOX 636, JACKSON NC 27845-0636, 252.534.2711
PEGGIE GARNER, ONSLOW CO EXT DIR, 604 COLLEGE ST, JACKSONVILLE NC 28540
910.455.5873
FLETCHER BARBER, ORANGE CO EXT DIRECTOR, PO BOX 8181, HILLSBOROUGH NC 27278-8181, 919.245.2050
WANDA SYKES, ACTING PAMLICO CO EXT DIR, PO BOX 8, BAYBORO NC 28515-0008
252.745.4121
TRAVIS BURKE, PASQUOTANK CO EXT DIR, PO BOX 1608, ELIZABETH CITY NC 27909
252.338.3954
WAYNE BATTEN, PENDER CO EXT DIRECTOR, 801 S WALKER ST, BURGAW NC 28425
910.259.1235
LEWIS SMITH, PERQUIMANS CO EXT DIRECTOR, PO BOX 87, HERTFORD NC 27944
252.426.5428
DEREK DAY, PERSON CO EXT DIRECTOR, 304 S MORGAN ST, ROXBORO NC 27573
336.599.1195
MITCH SMITH, PITT COUNTY EXT DIRECTOR, 403 GOVERNMENT CIR, GREENVILLE NC 27834, 252.757.2800
JOHN VINING, POLK CO EXT DIRECTOR, PO BOX 187, COLUMBUS NC 28722
828.894.8218
LYNNE QUALLS, RANDOLPH CO EXT DIRECTOR, 2222A S FAYETTEVILLE ST
ASHEBORO NC 27203, 336.318.6000
MARY BOWLES, INTERIM RICHMOND CO EXT DIR, PO BOX 1358, ROCKINGHAM NC 28380, 910.997.8255
EVERETT DAVIS, ROBESON CO EXT DIRECTOR, PO BOX 2280, LUMBERTON NC 28359-2280, 910.671.3276
SCOTT SHOULARS, ROCKINGHAM CO EXT DIR, 525 NC HWY 65 STE 200,
REIDSVILLE NC 27320-8861, 336.342.8230
JAMES COWDEN, ROWAN CO EXT DIR, 2727A OLD CONCORD RD, SALISBURY NC 28145
704.633.0571
DARREL CONLEY, RUTHERFORD CO EXT DIR, PO BOX 306, SPINDALE NC 28160-0306
828.287.6010
GEORGE UPTON, SAMPSON CO EXT DIRECTOR, 369 ROWAN RD, CLINTON NC 28328
910.592.7161
CATHY GRAHAM, SCOTLAND CO EXT DIRECTOR, 231 E CRONLY ST STE 800, LAURINBURG NC 28352, 910.277.2422
PATRICIA MCNEILL, STANLY CO EXT DIRECTOR, 26032E NEWT RD, ALBEMARLE NC, 28001, 704.983.3987
JEFFREY BOYLES, ACTING STOKES CO EXT DIR, PO BOX 460, DANBURY NC 27016-0460
336.593.8179
BRENDA ROSE, SURRY CO EXT DIRECTOR, PO BOX 324, DOBSON NC 27017-0324
336.401.8025
JEFF SEILER, SWAIN COUNTY EXT DIRECTOR, PO BOX 2329, BRYSON CITY NC 28713
828.488.3848
ERIC CALDWELL, TRANSYLVANIA CO EXT DIR, 203 E MORGAN ST, BREVARD NC 28712
828.884.3109
RICHARD RHODES, TYRRELL CO EXT DIRECTOR, PO BOX 209, COLUMBIA NC 27925-0209
252.796.1581
JERRY SIMPSON, UNION COUNTY EXT DIRECTOR, 500 N MAIN ST RM 506, MONROE NC 28112, 704.283.3801
HAROLD THOMPSON, VANCE CO EXT DIRECTOR, PO BOX 1028, HENDERSON NC 27536
252.438.8188
BRENT HENRY, WAKE CO EXT DIRECTOR, 4001E CARYA DR, RALEIGH NC 27610-2914
919.250.1100
PHILIP MCMILLAN, WARREN CO EXT DIRECTOR, PO BOX 708, WARRENTON NC 27589-0708, 252.257.3640
RICHARD RHODES, WASHINGTON CO EXT DIR, PO BOX 70, PLYMOUTH NC 27962-0070
252.793.2163
SUE COUNTS, WATAUGA CO EXT DIRECTOR, 971 W KING ST, BOONE NC 28607
828.264.3061
HOWARD SCOTT, WAYNE CO EXT DIRECTOR, PO BOX 68, GOLDSBORO NC 27533-0068
919.731.1520
DONNA EDSEL, WILKES CO EXT DIRECTOR, 110 NORTH ST, WILKESBORO NC 28697
336.651.7330
WALTER EARLE, WILSON CO EXT DIRECTOR, 1806 SW GOLDSBORO ST,
WILSON NC 27893, 252.237.0111
JACK LOUDERMILK, YADKIN CO EXT DIRECTOR, PO BOX 97, YADKINVILLE NC 27055-0097, 336.679.2061
JOHNNY HENSLEY, YANCEY CO EXT DIRECTOR, 10 ORCHARD ST, BURNSVILLE NC 28714, 828.682.6186
APPENDIX D
NORTH CAROLINA STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATION
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
PRESIDENT: DONALD MOORE
3634 STONEY CREEK CHURCH RD.
ELON COLLEGE, NC 27244-9514
PHONE: (336) 584-3195
FIRST VICE PRESIDENT J. D. FOUST
608 LAKESTONE DR.
RALEIGH, NC 27609-6339
PHONE: (919) 787-3578
SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT JACK TAPP
1201 NEW HOPE CHURCH ROAD.
CHAPEL HILL, NC 27516
PHONE: (919) 942-2006
CORRESPONDING SECRETARY AUDREY MOORE
3634 STONEY CREEK CHURCH RD.
ELON COLLEGE, NC 27244-9514
PHONE: (336) 584-3195
RECORDING SECRETARY JOSEPH R. SMITH, JR.
36126 GENE ROAD
NEW LONDON, NC 28127
PHONE: (704) 463-7039
TREASURER PAUL MADREN
104 WOODLAND DRIVE
CARY, NC 27513
PHONE: (919) 467-7065
INTERIM EXECUTIVE
SECRETARY DR. MIKE STANGHELLINI
P. O. BOX 33803
RALEIGH, NC 27636-3803
PHONE: (919) 515-1660
APPENDIX E
USDA PERSONNEL
NORTH CAROLINA
RALEIGH, NC STATE PLANT HEALTH DIRECTOR OFFICE
27606-5202 1017 MAIN CAMPUS DR.
SUITE 2500
PHONE: (919) 513-4479
FAX: (919) 513-4542
DEBORAH STEWART, SPHD
WILMINGTON, NC WILMINGTON WORK UNIT
228405-8650 1815 GARDNER DR.
PHONE: (910) 815-4664
FAX: (910) 815-4966
JIM KELLY, PORT DIRECTOR
BETTIE TIPTON, SECRETARY
WILMINGTON, NC WILMINGTON NC WORK STATION
28402 C/O NCSPA
PO BOX 9002
PHONE: (910) 815-4667
FAX: (910) 815-4668
FAYETTEVILLE, NC FAYETTEVILLE WORK STATION
28306 AGRI-EXPO CENTER
301 E. MOUNTAIN DRIVE
PHONE: (910) 483-3536
FAX: (910) 483-3281
STACY HONEYCUTT, OFFICER
FREMONT, NC FREMONT WORK STATION
27830-9746 1170 AYCOCK DIARY FARM RD.
PHONE: (910) 242-9746
FAX: (910) 242-9749
SUSAN KOSTELECKY, OFFICER
APPENDIX E
USDA PERSONNEL (CONT.)
MOUNT OLIVE, NC MOUNT OLIVE WORK STATION
28365 30 CROW BEST RD.
PHONE: (910) 594-0029
FAX: (910) 594-0299
FRANKLIN BEST, OFFICER
MOREHEAD CITY, NC MOREHEAD CITY WORK STATION
28557 113 ARENDELL
RM. 216
PHONE: (910) 252 726-4358
FAX: (910) 252-726-5713
J. B. PERRY, OFFICER
CHARLOTTE, NC CHARLOTTE WORK UNIT
28217 1901-A CROSS BEAM DR.
PHONE: (704) 357-1275
FAX: (704) 357-1326
BARRY CHASTAIN, PORT DIRECTOR
BRENDA BURTON, ASA
GREENSBORO, NC GREENSBORO WORK STATION
27401 301 SOUTH GREENE ST.
PHONE: (336) 333-5531
FAX: (336) 333-5533
VACANT, OFFICER
RALEIGH, NC RALEIGH WORK STATION
27603 1013 BLAIR DRIVE
PHONE: (919) 836-0991
FAX: (919) 833-7338
LEON BUNCE, OFFICER
STEVE TOLAR, OFFICER
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