Sixteen elements have been determined to be essential to plant growth and reproduction. An element is considered essential if in the absence of one or more of these elements, plant growth and reproduction is significantly hindered.

The following elements are considered essential plant nutrients: carbon(C), hydrogen(H), oxygen(O), nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P), potassium(K), calcium(Ca), magnesium(Mg), Sulfur(S), iron(Fe), manganese(Mn), boron(B), molybdenum(Mo), copper(Cu), zinc(Zn) and chlorine(Cl). C, H, O, N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S are needed in large amounts and are referred to as the macronutrients. Fe, Mn, B, Mo, Cu, Zn and Cl are needed in small amounts compared to the macronutrients and are referred to as the minor nutrients. They are called minor nutrients because they are needed in smaller amounts, this in no way diminishes their importance.

C, H and O are mostly derived from air and water, therefore, we have very little control over the amount of these elements that plants get. The remaining thirteen nutrients are taken in by the plant from the soil. We have more control over these elements through the use of fertilizers.

N, P and K are elements that are needed in amounts that are usually more than what the soil can provide. When you see the three numbers on the side of the fertilizer bag, they are referring to the amount of N, P and K that the ferilizer contains. Most fertilizer applications consist of a fertilizer that contains one or more of these three nutrients.

In most cases, the remaining elements are in sufficient quantities within the soil that applying these element is not necessary. In fact, overapplying any nutrient, especially minor nutrients, can be toxic to the plant. Usually, if there is a deficiency in these nutrients, it is due to an improper soil pH. A soil test should be taken to determine the need to apply minor elements or if a pH correction is needed. If the pH is right and there is still a deficiency, then you will need to add a minor nutrient fertilizer.

The most accurate method of determining crop nutrient needs, is through tissue analysis. The tissue analysis will tell you what the plant is taking up and it, along with a soil test, can help you determine what nutrients need to be applied to the crop.

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Date Created 3/15/99.