1997 North Carolina Cooperative Extension Selected Success Stories Representing the Twenty Cooperative Extension Major Programs

CEMP 01 Aging With Gusto

Senior adults are faced with many changes in their lives due to conditions which affect their livelihood. They are interested in programs that address positive aging in today's complex society.

6 counties in the Northeast District and chaired in Pasquotank County organized an all-day program that provided educational opportunities in areas such as Nutrition, Health, Financial and Legal issues. Exhibitors and speakers provided information to 130 people in their areas of expertise regarding the above issues.

As a result of this program, over 50 percent returned evaluations. Evaluations showed 85 percent increased their knowledge about positive aging. Over 50 percent felt that this type of information would have cost them $200 or more from professional service providers, saving $9,000.00 of senior income.

Overall this program was very successful and evaluations showed a need for a future "Aging With Gusto" extravaganza.

To meet the challenges of teaching clientele ways of making traditional southern foods more heart healthy while maintaining their distinct characteristics and flavors, the family and consumer educator presented an educational program entitled "Simply Southern." 28 participants explored the history of southern cooking, learned ways to make healthy substitutions, and enjoyed a dinner with a heart healthy menu. As a result of the program, 100% of the participants indicated via survey they: learned useful information for lowering fat and sodium in their diet; felt the information was presented in a manner that was easily understood; and felt they knew more about healthy behaviors. 96% indicated they would begin trying to decrease their fat and sodium intake. This program was such a hit it has been requested that it be done on a regular basis.

25 percent of Chowan County's population is 55 and older. Due to the diversity of this growing population, who are mostly retired people who have relocated, their educational needs are varied. Chowan and five other Northeast District counties organized an "Aging with Gusto" educational program. Approximately 130 people attended and were able to take part in educational sessions that focused on wellness, financial, legal and nutrition issues. $3000 from local sponsors defrayed the program expenses. 67 percent (50) of the participants turned in their evaluations, with 88 percent indicating their level of knowledge had increased due to this program. The 67 participants also indicated that they saved $10,250 in professional fees and 80 percent of these felt that they could make better decisions from the information gained from this program that would improve their later years. One person wrote "Interesting informative meeting! Excellent Information!"

The need to address areas of concern to older adults is ever increasing as this population continues to grow. Positive attitudes toward aging are necessary in order to alleviate many misconceptions and to dispell stereotypes. As a result, agents from eight counties planned and presented the Aging With Gusto II Extravaganza which included an exercise program, motivational speakers, and concurrent educational workshops on topics of interest. Approximately 225 persons attended the day long event of which 110 returned evaluations. Seventy seven percent of these reported being motivated to make various changes toward a more healthful lifestyle. Fifty five percent of the respondents reported that they would have expected to pay from $75 up to $200 to a professional service provider for the same information offered during the program. Responses to the evaluation were extremely positive and requests and recommendations were made for future programming.

Rowan County's senior adult population increases yearly, but unfortunately there exist a shortage of suitable houses. In cooperation with other agencies and the home builders, the Cooperative Extension Service demonstrated in educational clinics the How-to's of Affordable Home Ownership and the How-to's of Home Retrofitting to Accommodate Older Adults, during a two-day event. Participants learned financial and debt-load management, home equity pro's and con's, mortgage comparisons plus remodeling and retrofitting techniques to improve the functions and capabilities of the home. The attendance of 350 people showed interest, and participants estimated that their new knowledge and skills will save each of them at least $300 per year. Program participants indicated a desire to expand the clinic subjects in the future in order to continue to learn "what's new in the marketplace".

CES helps 210 senior citizens save $$$ and improve health. "Give Your Heart A Healthy Beat" was a collaborative effort between the Dept. on Aging, WAGES (Wayne Action Group for Economic Solvency- a commuinity action agency), and Wayne Memorial Hospital. The program design consisted of pre and post health screenings, nutrition counseling, heart and stroke education, exercise, and healthy luncheon meals. This program has allowed CES to reach limited resource audiences and those on fixed incomes at a reduced rate which may have been otherwise limited. Services provided in the county by other professionals of equal value would cost $510.00 per person. CES was able to provide the service for about $11.67 each. A net savings of $498.33 each in preventative healthy care costs.

A Healthy Living series was conducted as a cooperative effort with local hospital, home health and health dept., recreation dept. and a physical therapy group. Grant money from the Division of Aging ($2000.00) was used for this project. 140 older adults attended a kick-off (healthy) breakfast. Programs were conducted by each agency at their facility during February. Approximately 42 persons attended Extension's 3 sessions, "Eating For A Lifetime". Ten participants reported changing from whole milk to skim milk. Six persons reported changing their methods of preparing food - using herbs and less fats and salt.

Through the Sr. Citizens Council's leadership, which is coordinated through the Extension Service, we have conducted the SHIIP (Sr. Health Insurance Information Program). SHIIP volunteers have presented programs to 8 different groups and worked with 40 individuals in selecting a supplemental insurance policy and assisted them in making wise choices with their medicare forms. As a result of the volunteers assistance with the 40 individuals, we estimated a savings of $4000.00 for these clients.

With encouragement from the volunteers, seven new SHIIP volunteers have been trained this year. We now have a total of 15 volunteers in the SHIIP program. The volunteers are very enthusiastic and go the extra mile to help others.

To maintain one's ability to walk, stand and keep one's balance oftentimes is directly related to posture. Keeping one's skeletal alignment involves support. Fifty-five women were given the opportunity to understand the role foundation garments have in the alignment of the shoulders and chest area as they relate to support. As a result of the presentation on support foundation garments - 35 women purchased improved foundation garments to assist with better posture.

At an average of $35.00 per foundation garment - $1225.00 was invested in health, wellness and self-esteem.

As one lady said, "standing straight and tall makes one feel better and look better." An inexpensvie way to provide a healthy, energized personal feeling.

ESTATE PLANNING

Estate Planning continues to be a great concern for family members in Pamlico County. Forty-five Estate Planning packets have been distributed to 4 community groups- as a result of the Estate Planning instruments provided. Twenty persons have reported contacting their attorneys for assistance in making plans for their future needs as it relates to health and properties.

In addition the information has been shared with other family members and friends as reported by individuals.

Learning how to speak before a group is a very important skill. During the month of October, 7 pre-teens and 2 teens practiced their public speaking skills during live to tape interviews with local television stations. Participation in these interviews helped young people to gain self-confidence as well as self-presentation skills.

Parents are their children's first teachers and major source of support and encouragement. Limited resource parents need access to skills and resources to help them create conditions in the home environment which promote the development of healthy, resilient children.

The North Carolina Coopertive Extension Service in cooperation with the Family Resource Center and Child Care Resource and Referral sponsored a 6 weeks parenting class "Parents Helping Children" for limited resource families. Participants gained knowledge and skills in the areas of helping their children grow physically, mentally, healthy, socially, emotionally, communicating values and learning discipline. They identified positive comments about values, discipline and learning how to have patience. As a result, 8 participants have a better understanding of ways to help their children develop their potential. The participants reported that this class has taught them how to become better parents and they are interested in more Extension educational programs.

Senior citizens are faced with growing needs as the aging population continues to grow. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service along with the Albemarle Hospital sponsored "Aging with Gusto". "Aging with Gusto" is an educational program that deals with a variety of issues facing seniors. The evaluations showed that after attending the sessions, 47 participants said they will begin exercising, 37 understood Medicare better, 48 said they would reduce the risk factors associated with strokes, 40 will review or make an estate plan and 52 will pay more attention to food labels. Over 91 seniors said that this information would have cost them over $75.00. The charge was $5.00 per person, at a savings of over $6,000.00

155 Adults attended Estate Planning Seminars held at the Stanly County Center. A follow-up questionnaire was sent to 106 households approximately 9 months following the seminar. 31 responses were received. Of those responding, 7 participants wrote or revised their will since attending the seminar. Other results include; 16 - discussed plans with family, 11 - reviewed present will, 8 - have sought professional assistance, 18 - reviewed and estimated the value of their estate, 12 - reviewed how property ownership is titled, and 11 - improved family records systems. From the responses that we received, the seminars provided information and answered questions for participants so that they could take further actions in their estate plans.

Out of the need for affordable, accessible housing for older adults, Rowan County has established two additional housing complexes. The Cooperative Extension Service was invited to address "Moving On--What to Take with You". Exhibits and programs focused on living in small spaces, household organization, updating estate plans, etc. Complex managers, staff and 63 potential and new residents gave excellent program evaluations, with 87% of the persons being a new Extension audience. 61 responses indicated knowledge gained that would make the transition smoother with less stress, while selling household goods would increase their savings.

Follow up programs on Health Care Directives continued to stress estate planning, and respondents shared plan updates and group discussed possible future programming.

In Combination with Family and Consumer Science Agents in four Counties and Professional Estate planners, held a series of Estate Planning Seminars called "Save The Family Farm." Both Spouses were both invited and involved. 230 people learned the latest tax information and how to legally transfer up to $1.2 Million to their heirs tax free. Follow up interviews were held with those interested with about one fifth making a change improving their estate plans. Having both spouses involved and utilizing the resources of and audiences of Family and Consumer Science Agents along with the Agricultural Agents audiences helped make this successful.

Faced with medical bills beyond her means, one Person County resident has turned to the volunteer SHIIP (Seniors Health Insurance Information Program) Program co-ordinated through the local Extension office and Council on Aging for help. Armmed with records organized into a notebook by the SHIIP volunteer, she and the patient visited the medical facility to question a total of $1700 worth of billings they felt were in error. The medical facility agreed with them and as a result of the volunteer's time and efforts, one happy lady has been spared $1700 in excess medical charges.

"Feel Good About Yourself" a program for women over 50 that emphased low fat or light meals - hair styles that flatter and make-up for the older skin types. Twenty people attended. Thirteen have reported changing some food preparation habits. 4 have reported loosing a total of 24 lbs. - 6 have new hair styles and take more time with their appearanace.

Influenza is the fifth leading cause of death in Pitt Co. among people age 65-84. For those 85 and older, it is the fourth leading cause of death. Between 1991 and 1995, 132 Seniors in Pitt Co. died from influenza.

On October 19, 1997 Pitt Co. held "Senior Vaccination Sunday". The N.C. Cooperative Extension Service-Pitt Co. Center was one of 12 area organizations which co-sponsored the event for individuals 65 and over. Five sites provided influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations. A total of 858 vaccinations were provided county wide. At the site co-hosted by Cooperative Extension, 396 flu and 125 pneumonia vaccines were provided to 404 seniors.

CEMP 02 Agriculture adn Natural Resource Policy

In February 1997 approximately 300 people attended the Moore county Board Commissioners because of a conflict between landowners, and deerhunters who hunted with dogs. The commissioners asked that a committe be appointed and requested Extension to provide leadership. The charge to the committe was to develop an action plan:whereby deer hunters can continue to hunt with dogs in Moore County and observe the wishes of those landowners who prefer no hunting with dogs on their property. The committe was organized with representation from all groups. Game Wardens were contacted to discuss the type of legislation needed to address the problems in the county. Legislation from other counties were reviewed.Two facilitators were secured from the"Natural Resource Leadership Institue". Seventy persons from the different groups were involved in developing rules to be presented to County Commissioners. Most people were very satisfied with the process and outcome.

Extension cooperated with the Wayne County Young Farmers Organization and N.C.S.U. specialists to conduct a workshop to explain proposed Neuse River Nutrient Sensitive Waters Management Strategies and their potential impact on local citizens. As a result, sixty citizens increased thier understanding of the proposal, and some fifteen issued public comment on the proposed rules, either verbally at a public hearing or in writing.

The addition of a Farm Land Preservation Ordinance to the Madison County Zoning Laws culminated almost a full year's involvement by Extension and other related agencies with interested farm leaders, and county officials. 5 agricultural districts cover the farm land in the county, and is expected to provide for the continuation of production agriculture in the rural areas of Madison county in the 21st century.

The need to protect farmland was identified 10 years ago by the Durham County Commissioners and various county committees. Numerous attempts to develop a protection program failed for various reasons,chief among them an effective organization to staff the Farmland Board. Once Extension stepped forward to perform the task, results began. A Voluntary Agricultural Districts Ordinance was created and adopted. An awareness campaign including attractive signs for District members and mass media reports was initiated. Sixteen Ag Districts consisting of 1420 acres were voluntarily protected from non-farm development as a result of Extension's leadership efforts in 1997. Durham County leads the state in Voluntary Ag Districts. It is quickly moving towards offering incentive-based measures to protect more farmland, but more importantly, to assist farmers who wish to continue farming in the face of intense development pressure.

CEMP 03 Agriculture adn the Environment

On April 30 th, 1997 we held a Pesticide Disposal Collection Program at a Nash County Environmental site. We were very pleased with the response for Pesticide Disposal Assistance. There were more than 288 products with a weight of over 4,275 lbs. collected that day. The public response was great with many more wanting a repeat of this program as soon as possible.

Three dairy farmers recently installed new waste handling facilities cooperating and consulting with the Extension Service and Natural Resources Conservation Service personel in order to meet Department of Health and Natural Resources-Division of Water Quality regulations. Besides preventing potential dishcahrge fines and environmental contamination, these three farmers have increased the fertilizer value of the waste generated by their cows. With their previous waste handling methods, nutrients leached out of the stacked material over the typical year storage period, thus decreasing plant available nutrients when manure was applied to crops. The old method also required approximately 80 labor hours for hauling and spreading manure yearly. Calculating labor savings and increased fertilizer nutrients only - not adding averted fines from DEHNR - these three farmers saved in excess of $2000 each.

The Caldwell Extension Center is in the second year of the pesticide container recycling program. This year we were able to receive a grant for $2500 to help educate our producers. We held two educational programs, meet with comodity groups, and involved the program in recertification meetings to promote the program. As of June 15th, we have already recycled 350 containers which is a 66% increase from last year at this point. We save the county around $15/sq foot of trash giving us a savings of $5200.

I encouraged one grower in particular to try strip-tillage for cotton. This grower who had to replant 200 acres of cotton in 1996 and many acres in years past, did not have to replant any in 1997. By utilizing this system on his sandy soils which are prone to sandblasting of cotton seedlings on windy spring days his cotton emerged and was not killed by the wind. This represents a minimum savings of $15.00/acre in replanting costs. Potentially he may have had to replant his entire 800 acre crop with the heavy winds during the 97 spring and with the potential loss of yield from late cotton the savings could be even more. At a minimum, I believe switching to strip-till has saved him at least $12,000 from reduced trips, less soil loss and not having to replant.

An opportunity was given Henderson County pesticide applicators to properly dispose of unwanted pesticides. Through a coopertive effort with NCDA several applicators were able to dispose of 3,125 pounds of unwanted pesticides. We were able to donate over 600 pounds to certified pesticide applicators. This program saved Henderson County Pesticide Owners approximately $25,000. Also saved producers hundreds of dollars on donated product. This event demonstrated environmentally concious pesticide applicators. Extension Agents Tom Butzler, Bumcombe County and Mark Lancaster, Henderson County also helped with this effort.

The Jackson County staff is currently assisting Jackson Paper Manufacturing Company with approving wood ash produced at the plant for land application. Jackson Paper burns wood chips to create steam and power needed for the production of corrugated cardboard. Jackson Paper Currently produces over 1000 tons of ash per year in the process. This ash is currently being placed in a landfill, which will be closing in 1998. Extension staff assisted the plant's Solid Waste Manager in obtaining approval of the ash as a lime substitute through assisting with NCDA testing and writing BMP plan for land application. Currently we are in the process of placing test plots throughout the county to show the effectiveness of wood ash compared to traditional agricultural lime. This product will provide farmers a low cost alternative while saving valuable landfill space.

Tobacco Plant Production Saved

Tobacco plants are almost exclusively grown in greenhouses in Lenoir County. While viewing production systems in numerous houses, a number were found with significant disease and nutrient problems present. After a careful review of all production practices and suitable alterations implemented, all aflected houses produced usable plants. Since there was no alternative plant production, each usable plant saved the farmer the replacement cost of that plant or acre of plants. The houses in question represented about 10% of our crop (valued at 3.6 million dollars). The value for plants saved (disease managed) is over $70,000.

In March of 1997, 80%of the 90 individuals who took the pesticide applicators training and test passed their test. This allowed them to begin new businesses, continue in business, in a legal manner. There are a number of ways to interpret the success of this one school - 72 people received their certification, 72 people are now able to be employed as pesticide applicators at an average salary of approximately $20,000 which equals 1.44 million dollars of personal income.

Science Fair Projects: Water quality, groundwater, wastewater, and ways to prevent pollution are very important topics throughout North Carolina. Two Onslow County students requested NCCES information for their Science Fair projects; one on animal waste treatment, one on soil types. The student who did the soils project received a 100% on both her oral presentation and her display. She also won the 3rd place award for her school area and went on to regional competition. Her mother was very proud and related that her daughter "gained a true understanding about soils." The young lady's interest in soils is continuing, and she is already thinking about what she can do next year.

Sludge buildup in swine lagoons is becoming a distinct problem. The sludge contains large amounts of phosphorus, copper, zinc, and other compounds that make it difficult to find suitable areas for land application. A manufacturer of a bacterial product that digests sludge arranged, through the Animal & Poultry Waste Management Center (APWMC), to have their product tested at a Beulaville swine facility.

APWMC, Extension, and other cooperating agencies began the project in August, 1996. The farm owner was very cooperative during the project, and has been quite pleased with the results. Between September 1996 and May 1997, sludge depth in the lagoon decreased from 3.5 feet to 1.1 feet. Conventional sludge removal through pumping would have cost the farmer more than $30,000.00 to obtain the same amount of benefit.

Because of the very favorable results from this project, 12 more projects are to be initiated in North Carolina.

104 landscape maintenance personnel from 6 counties learned integrated pest management techniques at the 1997 Pitt County Trufgrass Workshop. Insect, disease, and weed management. Those attending also learn how to operate mowers and string trimmers safely. Participants were evaluated to determine those in the industry using soil testing, IPM, slow relese fertilizers, and certifications. One participant said, "this was a very informative meeting....ranks at the top as far as efffectiveness...best I have been to in years.

The Robeson County Center arranged for a pesticide disposal day for residents of the county in cooperation with NCDA. The site for collection, signs and publicity were arranged by the Extension Service. As a result of these efforts, 125 chemicals weighing 1250 pounds were removed from residents homes. These chemicals were in very old containers and many were already leaking. Furthermore, children could have gotten into these dangerous chemicals and perhaps died from pesticide poisoning.

A pesticide recycling program was started in 1995 as a result of a $10,000 grant from the NCDA. Roll off containers were purchased as well as pressure rinse nozzles. The first year of this program 2500 pesticide containers were recycled. This year over 5000 pesticide containers were recycled, a 100% increase in the number of containers. This has saved valuable landfill space.

Twenty-five volunteers and the Wayne County Solid Waste Department cooperated with CES to organize and manage a plastic pesticide container recycling program in early 1997. Farmers deposited and the group inspected 3824 HDPE-2 containers. A Texas firm picked up and ground the containers in May.

Tobacco farmers that utilize conductivity meters in Wilson County to monitor fertility levels in transplant float water were using the meters improperly. There was a misconception that the meters reading was in parts per million (ppm), while it was actually reading in mmhos/cm. Conductivity meters were also not being calibrated for proper readings. These errors could lead to under or over fertilizer levels in the float water.

An extension effort to address this problem was made. Southern States of Wilson networked with extension on this effort by donating the conducitity standard solution to calibrate meters with. Thirty-seven farmers attended a tobacco greenhouse meeting. As a result, 15 conducity meters were calibrated. These producers utilized meters correctly and fertilized accordingly. This prevented any under-fertilized transplants as well as any over-fertilization that would have ultimately end up in the environment.

As a result of our educational programs on Water Quality, 48 individuals have become involved with water quality issues in the South Fork of the Catawba River. Of these 48 people, six are piloting a storm drain stenciling project and eight are piloting a state program called River-Friendly Farmer that I recommended to Specialist, Ron Sheffield, who received funding for the program. Our greatest success has been education of other agencies regarding Water Quality. An interagency coalition headed by our local Soil Conservation Board is seeking a $500,000 grant to purchase 230 acres of farmland upstream from the City Water Plant. The site will be managed for wetlands, timber production, wildlife habitat, and farmland. The impetus for this was Extension's work regarding Water Quality on the South Fork of the Catawba River.

Livestock producers have continued to have difficulty in calculating nitogen balance based on waste analysis and liquid effluent applied to cropland. Two workshops were held in the spring to teach producers how to improve their ability in this area. Notebooks were prepared and assembled which had the necessary forms, information, etc. for records, samples, plans, data, and maps. Over 90 producers either attended the workshops and/or received the notebook with individual consultation.

Producers reported that the workshops and especially the notebooks would help them do a better job in keeping necessary records required in livestock waste regulations. At the same time, this increase in knowledge has helped growers do a better job of nitrogen application on crops receiving livestock waste, thus protecting the environment and improving crop production.

Through an evaluation of 1996 cotton weed species and 1997 potential cotton herbicide management systems, Extension assisted a Jones County cotton producer in proper herbicide selection. While not compromising weed control, the cotton producer revealed that Extension saved him $10,000 due to this exercise.

Cooperative Extension Agent worked extensively with 34 local farmers gathering and compiling evidence and documentation of the losses to the local tobacco crop in September 1996. This documentation was compiled and presented in litigation testimony with crop insurance companies in the spring of 1997 to establish the loss that occurred. As a result of this documentation all 34 farmers won their litigations and were awarded insurance claims in the amount of an average of 38 percent loss in their production. With an average production of 75 acres, this netted each farmer an average settlement of $107,922 or $3,669,332 for the 34 farmers. All have said that they would not have won had it been for Extension documentation and help in compiling the data.

A total of 72 local farmers and agri-business people participated in four pesticide recertification programs offered locally by Cooperative Extension. As a result of their participation local farmers and agri-business people report a reduction of an average of one application of pesticides, resulting in a savings of approximately $190,000 countywide. The county landfill has also reported a savings of about $14,400 as a result of fewer pesticide containers being recycled.

Silent hazards exist at many farming operations and households in the form of forgotten, unused, and unwanted pesticides. These pesticides are a burden to growers because of environmental hazards and legal responsibilities associated with the storage of the products and the age of the declining containers. The North Carolina Department of Agriculture operates a Pesticide Disposal Program to collect excess pesticides on a regional basis. A collecton day was held on April 30, 1997 in Nash County, where Edgecombe County participated with Nash County to collect 288 pesticide products with a weight of 4,275 pounds. Seven growers from Edgecombe County participated in the program to remove these potential hazards.

To increase the collection of acceptably prepared farm plastic pesticide for recycling, I applied for and received a grant in the amount of $1357.75 from the Pesticide Environmental Trust Fund Grant program conducted by NCDA. These funds have been used to purchase pressure rinse nozzeles, which have been distributed to 30 farmers and the three commercial custom pesticide applicators located in the county. Approximately 300 plastic pesticide containers have been collected at this time.

Cleveland County's only commercial swine producer lacked sufficient acreage of tall fescue to handle the lagoon waste generated by his 500 sow farrow-to-finish enterprise. Greg Traywick assisted the producer in establishing 35 acres of hybrid bermudagrass using no-till planting technology. After participating in Extension waste management training and being certified, the producer began irrigating the site with lagoon liquid-- meeting the provisions of his waste management plan. During a Forage Field Day held at the swine farm, local beef cattlemen gained knowledge on the value of warm season perennials, and are beginning to plant hybrid bermudagrass on their farms to expand their forage base.

Maintaining environmental quality by using low input farming practices is a goal of farm families. Reduction of pesticide use and nutrient management are the primary emphasis for an educational program for the 400 field crop producers in Jones County. These farmers are learning farming practices to protect the environment by not over fertilizing, controlling erosion and controlling pesticide use and controlling pesticide runoff to water supplies. These same farmers are acquiring knowledge on recycling and implementing recycling of pesticide containers, pesticide use management and proper pesticide disposal. Also, these same farmers are recycling as many farm materials as possible such as oil, bags, and other items that can be recycled. 200 farmers have been trained in the proper use of pesticides.

To help maintain water quality in the White Oak River Basin and the Neuse River Basin,

Extension has promoted Best Management Practices (BMPs). Local citizens and government are increasingly aware of the value of maintaining the quality of natural resources in the county.

A local volunteer committee has been formed and are called the Jones County Quality of Natural Resource Alliance to examine the state of natural resources found in the county, have a general understanding of what influences the quality of those natural resources, review environmental concerns of the citizens, and make informed recommendations to the Board of Commissioners and the County Manager on how to protect and enhance our environment. These volunteers make up or represent different stakeholders or interest who's goal is to have a consensus on any issue that may

Our cotton scouting program is one of few that quantifies population of beneficials. Five producers are involved, one third of our acreage. We have become confident in "stretching" thresholds if beneficials are prevalent, reducing application of insecticides. Fields are treated on a by field basis due to trends program has demonstrated. For 1996 crop 1 in 3 acres were treated in season. For 1997, late Aug, less than 5 percent of acreage has been treated. To my knowledge, based on conversations with farmers and consultants, we are the only area in NC not automatically assuming cotton needs to be sprayed. I feel other areas could realize similar progress. Chester and York County, SC farmers attend winter meetings, receive newsletters and report similar successes. I estimate cumulative buildup of beneficials has reduced use of insecticides 50 percent on 1000 acres involved in program, saving producers $10 per acre, preventing unnecessary

insecticide use.

IPM & Fruit Quality - Trap monitoring to record and publish the population dynamics of four common pests was maintained in four cooperating orchards in Lincoln and Cleveland Counties from late March to late September of 1997. A weather station was also added this season to record daily weather data for the Maryblight fireblight detection program. Estimated savings on four 10 acre blocks valued at $2,000 each. Overall pesticide use reduction estimated at 15 percent.

Two growers saved 800 and 1000 gallons fuel by planting no-till as well as saving labor, time, soil and wear on equipment. A 900 gallon average fuel saving and 18 growers planting no-till there is a saving of $16200. Also, the wheat yield winner planted no-till. After the hurricanes no-till planted corn was standing 80 percent better allowing quicker harvest and higher yields. No-till acreage will continue to increase as farmers learn to manage a new method of production. be examined by the alliances.

Area poultry farmers, company representatives and third party applicators attending a total of 7 Extension sponsored meetings united in an organized effort to address their concerns with the initial interpretation of SB 1217 as it related to poultry dry litter systems. As a direct result of this organized effort and addressing the InterAgency Committee, the interpretation of this bill was changed and/or ammended. This positive changes will impact the entire poultry industry utilizing dry litter systems.

The Duplin County Extension Center cooperated with the Magnolia Partners in Agriculture Project to improve agricultural sustainability in Magnolia. During 1997, the Duplin County Extension Center conducted a tobacco scouting project in the Magnolia. $7,600 in grant funds were obtained to finance the project. 500 acres of tobacco were monitored on a weekly schedule for 15 weeks. Growers were notified weekly of pest levels in their tobacco fields and were educated on when to make remedial pesticide applications based on economic thresholds. All participating growers were able to avoid insecticide applications for budworms early in the season. This saved an average of $15.50 per acre on 500 acres of tobacco. The value of the service plus the insecticide savings alone come to a value of $15,350. Growers indicated additional benefits of the project from such as disease maps, weed maps, and increased yields from timely management.

A Duplin County tobacco producer requested information on proper nematode sampling techniques for tobacco. He noticed some root galling the previous growing season and wished to obtain information about his nematode populations. Upon receiving assay results from NCDA Agronomic Division the grower was assisted with nematode management strategies for moderate levels of Root-Knot nematodes.

By acquiring a nematode sample this grower was able to save $130 per acre on 15 acres by not treating for nematodes. This comes to $1,950 saved on fumigants. Additionally, the

grower was assisted with calibration of his fumigant applicator and saved 2 gallons of fumigant per acre. This resulted in an additional $390 saved. This grower saved $2,320 on fumigant costs and also improved yields through improved nematode control.

"Water Conservation - A Clear Picture" A tour was jointly sponsored by the Currituck County Center and Currituck Soil and Water. Its purpose was to make the public aware of water quality programs being conducted in Currituck. The targeted audience was government officials, community leaders and interested citizens. Sites viewed included the following: housing development utilizing detention ponds and water control structures for managing stormwater runoff, water monitoring program and buffer strips, EPA-DWQ 319 project utilizing a constructed wetlands and water control structures to reduce nitrogen and phosphorus in runoff from agricultural lands, long term no-till, and a septage application site managed according to a nutrient management plan. The tour group was comprised of representatives of county government officials from two counties, the farming community and interested citizens. A statement taken from one of the participant's evaluations said, "Brought forth information that can be very useful in my personal situation.

July 24, 1997 was a very rainy and windy day for many Wake County tobacco growers. The remains of Hurricane Danny drenched the area and blew much tobacco down throughout the day. Growers started calling me that night and the next morning asking for assistance in setting the crop back up. Calls were placed to the Governor's office asking for Emergency Declaration. Late Friday afternoon, approval was given for Inmate Assistance programs for tobacco farmers. From Saturday morning thru the following Friday, 143 inmates and guards worked for 5984 hours to assist 23 Wake County growers in setting up over 500 acres of tobacco. The labor savings for Wake County growers was

over $30,000.

North Caroliina Senate Bill l2l7 made swine waste application records mandatory for the state's producers. Many swine producers needed assistance in establishing and maintaining a records program that would comply with North Carolina's Division of Water Quality. We developed a mail-in computer program to assist swine producers with this effort. The program is ongoing; and to date, we have enrolled 38 farms on the system. The cost to these farms if on a private or commercial program would be apporixmately $l,400 per farm per year. Our program cost is $l20 per farm per year which results in a savings of approximatley $l,280 per farm. This is a total savings of $45,000 per year for these 38 farms compared to many of the commercial services being offered. Our plans are to increase the number of producers to l00 said one county commissioner.

Recertified 176 Private Pesticide Applicators through six two hour classes that included training on pesticide drift control, protecting mixing and loading sites and calibration. Farmers and other applicators are taking special precautions to reduce off-target effects of pesticides as a result. Eight and a half hour of licensed recertification credit for dealers and ground applicators was conducted in the county. Fewer cases of pesticide drift were reported this year.

Several swine lagoon projects, regarding a bacterial product marketed by Martin Marietta, were initiated in August: two in Sampson Co., one in Duplin Co., and one in Onslow Co. The Onslow Co. site is a lagoon closure that is being administered through the Soil and Water Conservation District. The others are being administered through the Animal & Poultry Waste Management Center. Extension agents from the respective counties are working in cooperation with these agencies and NCDA. Information gained from these projects will help determine the ability of the product to reduce lagoon sludge volume without land application. Each of the four farms has the potential of gaining a benefit in excess of $30,000, which would have been required for the sludge to be removed by pumping and land application. This does not include the environmental benefit gained by not applying the phosphorus, copper, and zinc found in the sludge itself.

Forty-six dairy producers attended the 10 hour Animal Waste Operator Training sessions held in Newton, Shelby, and Lincolnton. One hundred percent of eligible dairies sent at least one operator. Two dairy producers who cannot read attended the training even though they sent literate family members, and stated they did so in order to better manage the waste on their farms. Forty-one dairy producers from the 43 who took the examination passed and received their certificates. Pass rate of dairy producers attending the trainings was 95%.

In the course of a visit to talk about a waste utilization plan, a swine farm manager realized that one of the farm's irrigation pulls had been within 100 feet of a well. As a result of this visit, future applications will be moved to at least 100 feet away, thus averting future water quality violations and ground water pollution.

A Lincoln County liner nursery experienced two especially challenging pest problems (fungus gnats and broad mites) in 1997 that posed a significant threat to their profitability. A combined effort of the local agent, Plant Disease and Insect Clinic, and the entomology specialist at N.C. State led to the accurate identification of these problems and appropriate control recommendations. The nurseryman instituted control measures which made these problems more manageable and reduced the level of economic loss. It is estimated that by using the control recommendations for broad mites, the nurseryman was able to achieve $10,000 in sales over what he would have realized had the recommendations not been followed. The knowledge he has gained this year will lead to reduced losses from these pests in the future.

No-till and minimum-till cotton. Problems with wind and sand injury on cotton in the spring has resulted in educational programs on reduced tillage farming methods. Acres of reduced tillage has increased from 500 to 20,000 in 1997. Most farmers are strip tilling, using hooded sprayers and never cultivating the cotton. Educational programs and farm visits have assisted farmers in equipment selection adjustments, along with herbicide selection and rates. Results have been the use of less herbicides, reduced tillage trips, savings on land preparation time in the spring, reduced cultivations, better weed control, increase in organic matter and better stands with no wind damage. All these have resulted in a $487,500 savings to Bertie County farmers.

Beef, Horse and Dairy producers in Forsyth County need to understand and take advantage fo the fact that there is a value to allowing livestock to graze pasture and deposit nutrients back on fields rather than pile it in a barn or other area. Cooperative Extension took on an effort in 1997 to reemphasis this fact to producers, especially horse producers. Many equine medical and digestie problems are traced to lack of exercise due to stalling, this problem is coupled with the problem of manure being stockpiled in or near barns and nutients being removed from the pasture rather than reapplied. Educational programs including a production field day, reins education workshop and production meetings focused on pasture management and nutrient management. This effort helped producers realize the true value both for forage production and nutrient value of more than $300,000.00 in 1997 alone.

Lee County farmers generate roughly 5,000 pesticide containers annually. In a 1996 survey of 37 area farmers, 75% admitted burning or burying containers illegally on their farms. In April, 1997, Lee County Extension Staff obtained $9,932 from the North Carolina Department of Agriculture for a recycling facility. These funds also provided nozzles, for farmers to pressure rinse containers, and staff for the facility. From April 23 to October 29, 1,700 containers were collected. SCT Environmental, Inc. accepted 98.4% of the containers, which were ground for use in pallets or new containers. This first year of container recycling was a successful cooperation between the Extension Service, NCDA, Lee County Public Works, and area farmers.

Two chrysanthemum growers, one of whom had never attempted a crop, and the other who had had foliar diseases, produced profitable crops in 1997 with help from NCCES. Both were encouraged to use drip irrigation to lessen the risk to bacterial leafspots and to reduce nutrient runoff. The experienced grower, who had previously used a fungicide with no activity against bacteria, was advised to switch to a copper compound, and achieved excellent control with fewer sprays. The new grower completely avoided disease based on well-timed, environmentally-friendly copper sprays. Fertility management was adjusted using foliar tissue analysis taken early in the crop cycle. These two growers grossed $7000 on the 2000 mums grown.

A new pumpkin grower had failed to produce a crop in 1996, because of diseases, insects, poor pollination, and poor fertility management. Pestides were used, but pests weren't controlled, because sprays were applied after pests had caused the damage. This year, he consulted extension beforehand. Lime was applied according to test recommendations. Honeybees were located near the crop to provide pollination, and Asana, a bee-friendly pesticide, was was applied in late afternoons only when needed to control squash vine borers and squash bugs. Downy mildews were prevented by a timely application of Bravo. This grower produced and sold over 600 pumpkins worth $1300, and intends to increase production next year.

Over the last few years, the wild honeybee population in Richmond County has been drastically reduced due to mite infestations. Many of the commercial vegetable and fruit producers in the county must now rely on domesticated honey bees for crop pollination. Unfortunately, many of these producers are forced to rent bees from neighboring counties because of the lack of beekeepers in Richmond County. In an effort to boost the number of beekeepers in Richmond County, the Richmond County Extension Center hosted a free Beginner Beekeeping Course in the fall of 1997. The course was highly successful with average attendance of 30 for each of the four classes. Many of those attending had no previous beekeeping experience and plan to start their own apiary in the spring. A participants from the 1996 beginner beekeeping course has built his apiary to the point he can now rent hives to local producers.

Poultry litter management is an increasingly important issue for broiler producers. Supplemental protein is a major expense for beef producers in feeding programs for growing calves. Cooperative Extension designed an educational program attended by 40 poultry, beef and dairy producers to familiarize them with technologies related to this subject. These producers learned about waste regulations, writing nutrient plans, nutrient content and feed value of litter, stockpiling and using litter in rations, and mineral supplementation programs for litter rations. As a result of this program, one producer has begun stockpiling litter for sale and one beef and one dairy producer have begun feeding litter. Savings on the protein supplementation program for one of these farms is over $18,000. When used correctly as a fertilizer source, the nitrogen and phosphorus content of the litter produced locally is valued at $180,000.

Farmers, agribusinesses, and the Feed Grains Advisory Committee indicated that a New Technology Workshop was needed in order to understand benefits and opportunities of planting genetically engineered crops. A Biotechnology workshop was held which specifically dealt with how to boost efficiency and increase profits by using new technology, determining the value of new technology, safety of biotechnology, and moving biotechnology from the laboratory to the marketplace. As a result, 700 producers used genetically engineered cotton and soybeans as part of their IPM program to reduce pesticide use, protect the environment, and as a strategy to reduce hard to control weeds and insects on over 40 percent of Johnston County's acreage. The high yielding, genetically engineered varieties reduced production costs 10 percent and increased profitability $1.3 million. One agribusiness has begun implementing a precision farming program and hired an additional full time employee.

Disposal of cancelled, banned, old, or unwanted pesticides is a growing problem in Johnston County. Increasingly more farmers are retiring and leaving the farm to their spouse and children. In addition to inheriting the land, most also inherit storage areas with pesticides which the new owners have no use for. The Agricultural Program Committee identified this as a major problem in which Extension should address. With cooperation from local agribusinesses and NCDA, a Pesticide Disposal Day was conducted resulting in 8,575 pounds of unneeded pesticides being collected from 54 participants. This program legally removed and disposed of pesticide products from farms and homes which were posing a threat to human and animal safety as well as the environment. One participant's response was that just having "Peace Of Mind" and knowing the pesticides were now in a safe place was worth as much as the farm.

With the cooperation of Northampton County farmers, over 30,000 plastic containers have been cleaned and recycled in the pesticide container recylcing program. Northampton Cooperative Extension has been instrumental in educating producers and arranging the recylcing and pick-up. However, the program's sucess also became a potential problem in 1997, as the avaiable container storage became inadequate. Northampton Extension called a meeting of the program's citizen advisory group which came up with a solution. Boone's Farm Supply, a local agribusiness, donated a 40 foot trailer to ensure the program's continued success.

Keeping up with new waste management regulations and protecting the environment have become major issues for our swine producers in NC. The NCCES plays a big role in helping producers stay abreast of current and new regulations and best management practices. During a farm visit a swine producer asked me to look over his waste application records. In doing so I discovered an error in his method of calculating the amount of Nitrogen he was applying. Rather than applying 2 lbs N/acre, he was actually applying 20 lbs N/acre each time he sprayed. Finding and correcting this error before he overapplied nitrogen, will allow him to avoid a Notice of Violation and a possible $5,000 fine from DWQ as well as prevent possible harm to the environment.

Environmental legislation has directly affected poultry producers that use dry litter waste systems. Guidelines were provided to assist producers in complying with the regulations. Penalties for non-compliance can be as high as $10000 per day. This workshop was conducted by The North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, with cooperation with other county agents and specialist, to assist area producers with understanding the regulations and means of complying with these regulations. Although the workshop was not mandatory, approximately 55 area producers (3 from Vance & Warren) attended the workshop and were provided the knowledge, record keeping systems and other tools necessary for complying with the 0200 rules and Senate Bill 1217. As a result, 2 poultry operations in Vance and Warren Counties have utilized the record keeping materials provided, saved thousands of dollars in fines and improved water quality by reducing nutrient levels entering surface waters.

The North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service taught over 800 school age youth and teachers in Vance and Warren Counties about agriculture and the environment. Participants learned the relationship between agricultural practices and water quality as well as the impact that they have on water quality and the environment in their daily life.

Educational efforts were also made with 5 County officials and 150 non-farm public about policies and information about benefits of waste management. These efforts were accomplished by environmental field days, field trips, the classroom and at meetings. According to surveys received at meetings, 94 percent indicated that they learned new concepts or gained a better understanding about the waste regulations or waste management. 88 percent said that they would be able to apply the information learned.

The problem facing Caldwell County Pesticide users was the proper disposal of pesticide containers that would be environmentally friendly and save the county money in disposal cost. In our second year of the recycling program, we recycled 2500 containers which represents 400% more than last years containers recycled. Using a figure of $15/square foot to dispose of waste in Caldwell County, we have saved the county $37,500 in disposal cost.

Nurseries will have to comply with proposed Neuse River Basin rules by August 1998. As a result, Wight Nurseries of NC contacted NCCES, Lenoir County Center to obtain all information on rules and guidelines for establishing 100% containment and reuse of water on site. After several visits by Extension Agent and Specialists and DWQ, they built the nursery to catch water into a water retention basin which will protect adjacent wetlands and allow reuse of water.

With no educational event available to the landscape industry in SE NC, the Landscape Management Conference was held for the third consecutive year focusing on the overall theme of "Landscaping to Protect Water Quality." Agents from five counties collaborated to organize, conduct and evaluate this educational event. The 151 green industrists that participated on February 28, 1997 indicated on their evaluations that this was THE best learning experience for them. Furthermore, they said this was information they could use in their businesses for more profitability by reducing costs of inputs on their jobs by knowing best BMP's to use.

Through a collaborative program with the Wayne County Solid Waste Department, seven pesticide applicator certification/recertification classes, two newsletters, a recycling training workshop, and the efforts of fifty-three volunteers, 284 Wayne County applicators were certified or recertified and farmers recycled 4847 plastic containers.

Using newsletters, radio spots, newspaper articles, field visits, phone calls, and dealer contacts, Extension informed Wayne County cotton producers of scouting results and insect pheromone count data collected by three volunteers throughout the summer. As a result, local cotton producers sprayed for bollworms one time less than expected, saving approximately $144,000, and applying 900 fewer pounds of insecticide.

The owner of a two acre recreational pond had tried several unsuccessful means of controlling an aquatic weed. She contacted Cooperative Extension regarding a pond management article written for the local paper by one of the Extension agents. The extension agent visited the pond, identified the weed, and recommended a herbicide for control. The owner applied the herbicide, which cost nearly $1000.00. For the first time in five years, the pond is clear of weeds and is suitable for the recreation the owner desired.

A significant need existed among the Fraser fir growers in Jackson and Swain counties to decrease their application rates of phosphorous due to high levels of P205 in the soil. Traditionally growers have applied Diammonium phosphate(18-46-0) year after year as a source of nitrogen and phosphorous for their trees without soil sampling throughout the rotation. Education efforts were made in meetings, newsletters and one on one visits to take soil and tissue samples for proper nutrient management on their farms. As a result over 27,200 lbs of P205 was reduced in soil application saving the participating growers .75 cents per bag using 34-0-0 as opposed to 18-46-0. Their trees are healthier with better vigor, color, density and uniformity increasing their grading standard and thus their sale price. In addition any potential environment damage due to the excess of P205 was eliminated.

Ten apple growers participated in an apple pest alert system which involved an automated calling system when pest infestations were found. These growers were alerted to two fire blight infections, three scab infections and three codling moth infestations. As a result these growers were able to pinpoint pesticide spray applications to more efficiently use pesticide sprays.

In response to current legislation (NCPL 1971) requiring all persons who use restricted use pesticides to be trained in pesticide BMP's, educational programs were conducted to recertify 238 applicators. Participants learned principles of Integrated Pest Management and how to interpret pesticide labels to protect worker health and the environment. Proper application methods and disposition of pesticide containers was emphasized. Participants indicated that they learned pesticide compliance procedures and worker protection standard requirements that will save each of them $500.00 or a total of $119,000.00.

Estimates indicate that Ashe County farmers and other residents generate over 10,000 plastic containers each year. All pesticide users need to handle and dispose of pesticide containers in a manner that will be safe to them and the environment.

A grant awarded in 1996 provided $7,262.00 to purchase collection containers and implement an educational program to recycle plastic pesticide containers. During the year, solid waste site managers and pesticide applicators received training on the proper method for cleaning and disposing of empty pesticide containers. Instruction was given on the methods of triple rinsing and pressure rinsing and participants encouraged to recycle their cleaned plastic pesticide containers. Department of Environmental Services in Ashe County reports that 60 cubic yards or approximately 4360 pesticide containers were collected for recycling during 1997.

Water quality in Kiser Branch was degraded by high levels of nutrients, pathogens, and sediment from a dairy farm. The farmer agreed to cooperate with Extension to install best management practices (BMPs). BMPs installed included fencing to exclude cows from the Branch, alternative watering systems, streambank stabilization, riparian buffers, animal waste management systems, and mattresses. Extension teamed with Gaston Conservation District, USDA-Natural Resources Conservation District, and the N.C. Forest Service to install the BMPs. Improvements in water quality have been documented via biological, chemical, and hydrologic monitoring. Total kjeldahl nitrogen concentrations have decreased downstream of the farmstead. Similar decreases in total phosphorus and total suspended solids have occurred. Fecal coliform and streptococci bacteria levels have decreased about ten fold. The BMPs appear to be working.

A livestock producer wanted to do rotational grazing with limited land and only one water source in one corner of his pasture plus the cattle and sheep on his farm were eroding away the stream banks where they were entering and exiting to get water.

As an alternative watering source, Cooperative Extension worked with this producer to find a pasture pump that the animals could use to pump water to the other pastures, thus allowing rotational grazing and getting the livestock away from the creek and allowing the stream banks to revegetate.

This producer was extremely pleased with the system and the fact that he could provide water to his livestock without electricity, thus allowing rotational grazing on limited land.

Approximately 180,000 plastic pesticide containers are disposed illegally each year in Robeson County. The illegal methods for container disposal are burning, piling in the woods, or taking to a landfill.

A pesticide grant for $3,747 was awarded to Robeson County to develop a program to train growers to triple or pressure rinse empty pesticide containers. Growers were also urged to recycle these containers.

To collect the containers for recycling, five sites were chosen around the county which were convenient for the growers. Five people were trained to monitor the sites and separate any unclean containers. Two dates were chosen to collect containers at the sites. The results were that 24,000 clean containers were collected and recycled. This far exceeded the previous year where only 7,200 were collected.

Further, only 2 percent of the containers were rejected as unclean. Representatives of the recycling company were amazed at the low rejection rate.

The North Carolina Department of Agriculture provided a grant to the county from their Environmental Trust Fund. These funds were used to provide farmers with pressure rinsing devices to properly clean pesticide containers. Addtitionally a trailer to collect the containers was purchased to provide a more convenient system to manage container collection. The results of this system has led to an increase in container collections from 2,700 in 1996 to 7,100 in 1997.

21 farmers converted more than 600 acres of marginal land from row crop production to permanent pasture. This reduced erosion by as much as 900 tons per year. Farmers also realized additional income from the conversion.

Upon completion of waste operator training, two operators required additional instruction. One had marginal reading and math skills, after 35 hours of tutoring, passed the exam on the first try. The second producer failed the exam on the first try and subsequintly requested assistance. English is his second language, technical vocabulary was unfamiliar and difficult to comprehend. He received 40 hours of assistance. Although a considerable amount of time was spent with each individual, these producers are a real accomplishment. Completely discouraged and ready to give up, I was able to give them the skills and confidence they needed to understand the new regulations, pass the waste operators exam and ultimately stay in business.

CEMP Animal Production and marketing Systems

A farmer requested help with a ration due to a drop in milk and reproductive problems. Based on the history and the appearance of the animals, I suspected mycotoxins. Feed samples were taken and analysed at the Constable Forage Lab. A high level of one mycotoxin in particular was found: 2487 ppm of DON. The farmer was already feeding a sodium bentonite but cows were still off feed, low on milk and unthrifty looking. I recommended adding buffered propionic acid and activated charcoal to the diet in combination with the bentonite and gave the correct proportions to the farmer. He implemented the recommendations immediately, and within two days was seeing improvement in both feed intake and milk production. Increased milk production of 600 pounds daily occurred with a monetary value of $90 per day, minus $3 per day cost of implementing control measures, for a total fiscal gain of $87 dollars

Producers who seeded fungus free fescue 3-4 years back had a problem with thin stands. Reseeding by broadcasting would require 20-30 lbs. of seed per acre. Producers did not have access to a no-till drill which would only require 10-15 lbs per acre. Most producers have farms too small to warrent hireing a custom applicator to interseed. Extension coordinated the pooling of acreage and assisted with arrangements for a custom driller to no-till approximately 450 acres of forages for 25 producers at a cost of $16-$20 per acre. Savings in seed cost (@$1.38/lb) equaled $20.70 per acre or a total of $9315.00. An extension presentation to Farm Bureau resulted in their subsidising producer-members $10.00/acre on seeding cost resulting in an additional savings of $4200.00. A future increase of 1 ton per improved acre of hay(@$100/ton) results in an increase of $45.000/year (450x$100 )

The Beaufort County Extension office conducted a three week livestock nutrient management series. The 25 producers in this class were new clientele. Their knowledge of this subject was at the basic level. The series covered topics such as basic nutrients, how to read a feed tag, balancing rations and how to determine an animals requirements. The participants in the class indicated on the evaluation form that they had learned several things such as how to interpret the information on feed tag, how to put a ration together from different products and what their animals needed for maintanance requirements. As a result series several on farm visits were made to fine tune the information to the specific farm. One producer change his ration and saved $500 per year for his own operation but also made a better product for his clientele which resulted in increase income. Local System: perquima
Person Reporting: Jeff Copeland

The northeastern area wool pool is one of only three held annually in N.C. A joint effort of CES, NCDA, and sheep producers, this year's pool held in Chowan County covered an area from Virginia Beach, Va. to Raleigh, N.C. The CES personnel conducting the pool were Gerda Rhodes, Dale Miller, Richard Lichtenwalner, and myself. It would be impossible for producers to market their small amounts of wool individually. (The average payment would be less than $100 per farmer.) The bottom line results were that 44 sheep producers, many of which are small or part-time farmers gained market accessibility for 9,066 pounds of wool worth $4200.

Traditional marketing of cattle allows for little benefit to the producer that has put hard work into improving the cattle he produces. When a cattle producer had to suddenly find a way to market cattle that had been improved through genetics and health management, the Extension service was asked to help determine a better way to market those than the traditional weekly sale. Through networking with other state and national cattle organizations, the producer was able to market the entire herd. This method of marketing allowed them reap the benefits of their improved management, and received over $40,000 more than if the cattle had been marketed in the traditional manner.

With the declining cattle prices over the previous three years, stocker cattle producers were having an increasingly difficult time making a profit.

A stocker cattle management school was conducted to address issues related to profitability that included nutrition, marketing, business and tax managment, grading, and purchasing.

85% of the program participants were experienced stocker operators while 15% were beginners. A pre and post-test was given to measure the knowledge gained. Post-test scores showed a 25% improvement. Paticipants were asked to rate the program on a scale of 1 - 10 with 10 being the highest rating of satisfaction. The average rating was 9.2.

Paticipants gained knowledge and skills that will assist them in making a profit. One producer reported the knowledge gained would save him approximately $1000 dollars in feed cost alone.

In response to the growing rabies epidemic and Equine Encephalomyelitis in North Carolina, the five county REINS volunteer group, had two days of rabies vaccinations and Coggins testing at reduced rates. These dates were well publicised and marketed. It was our intentions to increase the publics understanding of these problems in our communities and to get people vaccinating and testing correctly. The group brought in Veterinarians from the area who were well known for helping horse owners in the area. Over 70 horses were vaccinated for rabies and over 100 horses had a Coggins test.

State graded sales are promoted by Extension as a means of improving returns to cattle producers over normal marketing methods. Producers were taught of this method of marketing through county cattle meetings, newsletters, and news media. Over 40 cattle producers benefited from marketing cattle at the Ayden graded sale as 608 calves were sold. This method of marketing cattle returned an additional $16,800 to producers.

Two-way television has been a method of educating horse owners in Pitt County for a number of years. This year 105 horse owners increased their knowledge of horse production by attending one of the five seminars offered during May. Evaluation of participants indicated they had gained worthwhile information from the seminars. One participant responded that she obtained information that would save her $2500.

Fingerling hybrid striped bass are reared at three hatcheries in this area. When first hatched, the larval fish are counted prior to sale or when placed in nursery ponds for growth to fingerlings. To date, counting the 3mm long fish has been both difficult and inaccurate. This spring, one hatchery has followed the advice of this office and rented an electronic larval counter. This device has been measured to be 98% accurate as opposed to the +/- 35% accuracy using traditional methods. Savings due to accurately measuring larvae will exceed at least $25,000.

Three area dairymen were experiencing problems with herd health and dramatic losses in milk production. All three reported suspicions that their cows were being subjected to low levels of electrical shock thus causing these problems. After Extension on- farm tests were made, stay voltage from the primary source (the power pole) was determined to be the problem. CES contacted the local power companies and networked with them to get this stray voltage properly ground. The result for one of these farms was an immediate increase in milk production to the tune of 500 lbs of milk/day, translating into roughly $2,635/month increase gross on this farmer's milk check. All 3 dairymen reported significant improvements in overall herd health and decreased cases of intramammary infections. As a result, Dairy Herd Improvement Association records reveal increased milk production and decreased somatic cell counts on all 3 farms.

I coordinated the Wilkes Area Stocker Sale which is a cooperative effort involving the CES, N.C. Cattlemen's Association, NCDA and Kilby's Livestock Market. Forty-four cattlemen from Wilkes and six surrounding counties participated. This sale is designed to commingle feeder cattle and group them in large uniform lots in an attempt to command a price premium over other marketing channels, i.e. weekly auctions.

In summary, this sale returned consignors $25,000 over weekly auction prices. Other lessons this sale demonstrated to cattlemen are genetic selection regarding frame size, muscling, breed and breed combinations as well as nutrition and management practices that the CES addresses in its educational programs. This sale not only benefited consignors with small herds but had a price setting trend that magnified the profitability to a much greater extent.

The livestock program in Wilson County has a strong emphasis on youth. The Annual 4-H Livestock Show and Sale is an example of the success of the Wilson County Livestock program. The Wilson County Livestock Show and Sale is more than just an animal show. In 1997, 52 youth were involved in this program. These youth had to attend a preset number of meetings and maintained detailed records of their expenses and incomes. Participants were also encouraged to interact with local business owners and members of the Chamber of Commerce. In addition, to learning valuable life skills, the participants in this program received more than $90,000 for their efforts.

A catfish farmer recently purchased land to be used for the development of an additional small catfish farm. This person bought the farm without checking into use restrictions that might apply to the property in question. When I was asked to comment on the layout of the property, I asked if any of the land would fit into the "wetlands" classification used by the U.S Corps of Engineers. The farmer had not had the land checked. At my request, the farmer called the Corps and the land was found to contain over 30 percent wetlands. By not developing the wetland area, the farmer saved over $75,000 in anticipated fines.

In response to two dairymen who were experiencing similar problems of lowered milk production, unhealthy cows, and death of three cows, I began working with them to solve the problems. After feed analyses of all feeds and necropsies of the dead animals through the diagnostic lab, we determined they both had feeds which were high in mycotoxins. After working with them on feed rations and making recommendations on practices which could reduce mycotoxins in the feeds, they began to see an increase in milk production of 4 pounds/cow/day for both herds. This increase in milk production added up to approximately $10,500. The overall health of the cows was much improved.

One farmer and his wife; after attending the DairyWise workshops, had to make a very important decision on their farm whether to purchase bred heifers which were about to calve to get increased milk production or not. They went through the decision making methods which were taught in the DairyWise workshops and came to the ultimate conclusion of not to purchase heifers. Sitting down and going through a very detailed decision making process without making spur of the moment decision to purchase saved them approximately $45,000.

On July 26, 1997 an area Piedmont North Carolina 2nd Annual Meat Goat Field Day was conducted in Person County with over 125 people in attendance from North Carolina and Virginia. Participants learned about artificial insemination with meat goats to improve genetics and working livestock with less stress on livestock by using registered Border Collies. Several participants show an interest in both educational topics. Several participants stated afterwards that they learned alot and would like me to come to work in their counties. A participant from Jackson Springs, North Carolina said, "This event was one of the most organized and informative field days he had been to. It seems that you are definitely doing a good job up here." Two participants were able to adopt artificial insemination which will save them at least $1,000 per participant per year.

Many Cleveland County beef farms are infested with musk thistle, a noxious weed that restricts grazability of pastures and reduces property values. Greg Traywick has been working with NCDA to implement the Musk Thistle Biocontrol Project, which uses insect predators instead of herbicides to achieve long-term weed control. Four (4) landowners reported a 75 percent reduction on musk thistle infestation on 665 acres after three years in the program. The resultling 20 percent pasture yield increase equates to 400 tons of added forage valued at $16,000. Corresponding property value increase, estimated at $75 per acre, totals $49,875.

A dairy farmer contemplating waste storage options, followed extension agent recommendations to install a dry manure storage facility instead of a slurry system. Cost share money through the Natural Resources Conservation Service would have partially covered cost of construction and equipment necessary for either system. However, because of farm layout and distance to fields to receive waste, the farmer's financial contribution in a slurry system would have been $5000 to $7000 higher than in the dry manure system. Therefore, by consulting with the Extension service and following our recommendations, this farmer saved not only the $5000 to $7000 added cost, but also saved the cost of interest on that money as he would have needed to borrow those funds.

The owner of a large horse boarding and training facility reported an estimated savings of $200 per horse per year in feeding costs because of knowledge gained by attending a county seminar conducted by an extension agent and an extension specialist. The seminar focused on efficient use of pasture and feed resources including the importance of feed and forage testing. With 50 horses in his barn, this stable owner's savings add up to $5000 for the 6 month reporting system.

A dairy farmer using two natural service bulls for breeding cows in his milking herd, was experiencing an extremely high percentage (>95%) of bull calves being born to one of the bulls. Knowing such phenomenon was possible, but wanting to adopt a "wait and see" approach, he continued to keep this bull in hopes that the bull:heifer ratio would even out. After examining a breakdown of costs associated with a bull producing only bull calves, which was provided by his extension agent, the farmer immediately sold the bull to slaughter. After using this bull for six months, the farmer would have needed to purchase 12 replacements to maintain milking herd numbers at his current culling rate. With a $500 difference between cost of purchase and cost to raise heifers (subtracting the revenue generated from the sale of bull calves) this farmer would have spent $5375 on a replacements.

Cattle bring more when sold in truck load lots. For the last 3 years, the Sampson County Cooperative Extension Service has conducted and promoted such a marketing program. This year 22 loads were sold. These loads averaged approximately 65 head per load with an average weight of 750 pounds per head. When comparing truck load prices with graded sale prices held during the same time period, truck loads yielded a $3 to $5.75 per l00 weight advantage for the same weight and type of cattle sold at a graded sale. A conservative advantage of $4 per l00 weight is very reasonable. Based on these facts, the 22 loads of cattle brought over $49,000 more than they would have if sold through a graded sale. This is a considerable premium over weekly auctions as well.

As a result of participating in the NC Certified Beef Production Program, an Onslow County beef cattle producer adopted the practices of vaccinating his entire herd and weaning and bunk-breaking calves prior to sale. He also decided to continue castrating and implanting male calves and deworming the entire herd. These management practices resulted in greatly increased value of 15 calves sold due to increased weaning weights. Because of his increased knowledge of marketing options, he sold these calves at a graded feeder calf sale rather than at a weekly auction. This marketing decision resulted in an increased price of $24 per calf compared to sale at a weekly auction.

Total monetary value to one Onslow County producer for cattle management practices carried out as a result of NCCBP participation was $1,449.30 extra value for 15 calves sold.

Two years ago a pilot dairy management program for farm couples was conducted in response to producer requests. The program spent half of its time focusing on farm management and half on family issues connected with farm issues. One such issue was making time to spend with your spouse. This issue was important to every couple in attendance, as they are greatly concerned with the rising rate of divorce among young dairy farmers. Divorce often leads to the loss of the farm due to financial and personal problems. The guest speaker was another dairy farm couple who shared with the attendees how they have successfully managed to juggle farm and family commitments. One farmer who was very skeptical at the time of the program told me last week that he and his wife have successfully implemented the techniques presented in the program 2 years ago, and they both feel it has saved their marriage.

Worked with Mr Frank Kornegay in Rose Hill regarding pasture layout, selection of forage species and cattle production. With Extension's guidance, Mr. Kornegay established 10 acres of Fescue and planted Tifton 9 Bahiagrass at my recomendations due to the dark, wet nature of his soil (unsuitable for Bermudagrass). Because he only had 10 acres of cool season pasture & little hay available, we reduced his herd from 25 cow/calf pairs to 10. As a result, hay costs over the summer were reduced from $3,940 to $1,580. A savings of $2,360. Once his Bahiagrass is established, his pastures should sustain his cattle approximately 9 months out of the year, thus reducing his hay needs and creating a more sustainable business.

Beef cattle production revolves around the ability to use forage in the most efficient manner year round. Working with a local producer, a grazing study was done regarding summer annual forages. The project resulted in a savings of $1,250 for the producer. Through the use of creep grazing the producer realized an increased weaning weight on calves. This gave an average return of $15 per head, as compared to the use of traditional pastures during the summer. Thus, the producer realized an increased return of $450 on the calves that were allowed to creep graze in this trial. In addition, information was gained as to forages best suited for Rowan county production under grazing situations.

Even the top dairy herds in the state have reproductive management problems. To address these problems in Rowan County, Extension networked with all of the local large-animal veterinarians to have a "Dairy Reproductive Physiology Program". Live bovine reproductive tracts were brought in for producers to examine and learn from. Artificial Insemination procedures were reviewed and demonstrated. Forty eight dairymen/employees attended. As a result 4 Rowan Dairy Farms that previously relied on bulls for impregnating cows now inseminate artificially. All producers agreed that the immediate impact of not having potentially dangerous animals (bulls) on the farm is negligible compared to the overall increase in genetic pool and eventual milk production of the animals in the long run. All 4 producers have expressed benefits of knowing exact breeding/calving dates in terms of saving time and money.

The 1997 Southeastern NC Hay Directory, a collaborative effort of Agricultural Extension Agents, was produced to provide concise, reliable information on hay production and its use in animal feeding. The publication also includes a listing of 32 forage producers in 11 counties with 14,688 tons of hay for sale. 300 copies of this directory were distributed and the Internet version of the publication was accessed 390 times. One producer was contacted by a potential buyer from New York who had seen the directory on the Internet. Another producer reported selling 45 tons of hay within 2 weeks as a result of being listed in the directory. Several producers have adopted the practice of sampling hay for chemical analysis as a result of information in the directory. It has also served as a marketing tool for the Cooperative Extension Service by introducing new audiences to the organization.

A livestock/forage producer consulted the Cooperative Extension Service in Onslow County when considering beginning a business enterprise to custom harvest forage as haylage. This method had not been previously practiced in the area. The agent, utilizing Extension Specialists in the Animal Science and Crop Science departments at NCSU, provided current information to help the client in decision-making. He obtained a contract with a large swine integrator to custom bale haylage on all of the company owned farms, and harvested 7,850 bales of haylage in 1997. The client reported the net revenue from haylage production was $1,465.55 per day as compared to $403.37 per day for traditional haymaking. The client also reported that information obtained through NCCES had contributed to the success of this enterprise. These parties are currently involved in a research project that will address practical questions related to haylage production in Southeastern NC.

One textile mill in Harnett County generates 2,600 bales of cotton waste annually. This short fiber cotton is undesirable commercially. The waste was going directly to the landfill taking valuable space and was costing $30/ton for disposal. As a result of research at NCSU the company learned that the waste could be utilized as a cattle feed. The bales have about the same nutrient content of average hay grown in the area. The mill gives the bales to local producers who feed it to their cattle. This program saves valuable landfill space, saves the farmers $15 per bale (2,600 bales)= $39,000, saves the mill $30/ton (650 tons)= $19,500 and provides an environmentally sound disposal method. This self sufficient program with a total economic impact of $58,000 is a perfect example of how research based information provided by the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service makes a difference in peoples lives.

The Regional Equine Information Network System (REINS) uses trained volunteers to plan and conduct educational programs for beginning to intermediate level horse owners on a multi-county basis. The volunteers also assist local Extension Agents on problem solving farm visits and, in some cases, are capable of making farm visits on their own. The volunteers in Region 1 volunteered 247 hours of time, valued at $2,470 to Extension, and saved horse owners $14,525 in expenses or other losses in the last six months of 1997.

Beef producers can often improve the profitability of their operations by evaluating the cost per pound of nutrirents and taking advantage of the best feed buy. Six local producers received assistance from Extension in evaluating feeding programs for weaned calves. These producers fed 37 tons of a locally available by-product (wheat midds) to weaned calves at a savings of $60 per ton ($2,220 total savings) over the cost of a conventional feeding program. Compared to bagged feed prices, these 6 producers saved approximately $3,700 with this feeding program. These producers are now sharing this information with other farmers who are evaluating their feeding programs.

A local cotton yarn spinning mill was spending $37.50 per ton to dispose of cotton dust and fiber in the county landfill. The waste material was tested and found to be an excellent feed to maintain brood cows through the winter. A beef producer was located very near by to minimize tranportation costs and the mill and the farmer agreed to work together. The farmer picked up approx. 1 ton per week. This saved the mill $1950.00 per year. The waste was substatuted for hay in the feeding program. The producer used less hay for the winter and reported saving over $4000.00 in hay costs. A field day was held where 12 producers learned to use by-products as feed for cattle.

A Commercial Trout Production Web Site was developed early in 1997. In summary, the web site received 6,684 hits from 1/2/97 - 12/17/97. I received E-mail and phone calls from numerous states and the countries of South Africa, Australia, Mexico, Norway, Chile, and others. Several extension specialists from this and other states have provided compliments and have used the information in the web site. The site is currently receiving 30-40 hits per day and averaged 19.7 hits per day for the year. This has been/is an excellent vehicle to market NCCES and the Commercial Trout Production Program.

Beef Producers from Haywood and Western North Carolina traditionally receive less than market value for their feeder calves. This is due to sickness and a higher death loss resulting from selling calves just weaned from their dams. A feeder calf pre-conditioning program including weaning, vaccinating, and feeding for 30 days, was initiated to increase the value of calves marketed. In 1997 seventeen Haywood beef producers participated in two pre-conditioned sales. These sales are sponsored by the Extension Service, the local livestock market, and supported by feed and animal health suppliers. The calves gained an average of 60 additional pounds during the pre-conditioning period and sold at a 5 cent advantage over traditional marketing programs. The additional price bonus and increased gain brought those seventeen farmers approximately $38,180.00 additional income at a cost of $10,120.00 for a net return of $28,060 for their effort.

In 1997, 8 volunteers from Stokes, Surry, Davie, Forsyth, Alleghany, Ashe and Wilkes were trained and certified as Regional Equine Information Networking System (REINS). They have had intensive training in the following areas: nutrition, reproduction, business management, health care,w aste management and facility design. They assisted with a farm safety day wwhere participants learned the principles and benfits of care and safety with animals, machinery, and chemicals.

Three volunteers have made presentations to over 85 horse owners. Two volunteers have assisted and made presentations with trail riding associations. They are in the process of planning a statewide meeting with expectations of 300 in attendance and a Emergency Management Disaster training.

As a result of these educational efforts, horse producers have increased awareness in the areas of forage management, nutritional and health management.

Goat production is on the rise both locally and nationally; however, reliable information about goats has traditionally been hard to obtain. Research based information is very scarce compared to other livestock species, and has required extensive searching to find. In response to this unmet need, the Lenoir County Goat Information Links Page was developed. With well over 200 links to educational pages, this page provides a centralized location to access production information for all types of goats. Response to this page has been tremendous. In a seven month period, 5521 hits have been recorded and several e-mail messages received. One web-user writes, "I have been surfing the net for over a year; and much of that time researching goats. This is one of the very best Ag. Web Pages that I have visited. Nice Job! I'm sure, I'll be visiting often."

Nitrates in hay have been a problem for cattle producers, hay growers, and horse owners this fall in Pitt Count. Extension's education and consultation with these clients plus sampling of hay has allowed use of hay with moderate nitrate levels that otherwise may have been destroyed. About $16,000 worth of hay has or is being utilized without adversely affecting animal performance.

NCSU Poultry Science Extension Specialists have led the evaluation of organic sources of trace minerals in comparison with traditional inorganic sources for poultry diets. Organic sources of zinc, copper and manganese are biologically more active and nutritionally more available than inorganic sources. Consequently, poultry feeds contain- ing organic sources of minerals result in lower emission in the feces. Research has also shown that zinc- methionine, a popular organic form of zinc, can improve growth rate, livability, and immune function in poultry. It also enhances macrophage function, the animals first line of defense against pathogens. Several turkey and broiler integrators have used these results to change their nutrition programs to improve general flock health. Over 20% of turkey and broiler producers have adopted the use of zinc-methionine or some other form of zinc in the feed to improve flock health and to reduce carcass downgrading, with estimated savings of over $1 million/yr.

Rapid egg cooling utilizing cryogenic gases has been developed by NCSU Poultry and Food Science Extension to reduce proliferation of organisms present on or in the egg at the time of processing. Preliminary results from this NCSU technology, being developed with Praxair,indicate that eggs can be cooled from 100 F to 45 F in 2 to 6 minutes. Traditional processing requires 7 to 10 days to cool to 45 F. During this time, Salmonella enteritidis can proliferate, and egg quality deteriorates. It is expected that rapid egg cooling will significantly decrease Salmonella outbreaks sourced to eggs. A large industrial scale field test of this technology is currently being completed.

In addition to improving food safety, rapidly cooled eggs have an increased shelf life of 6 weeks versus 4 weeks for conventionally cooled eggs. Thus rapidly cooled eggs could be sold at a premium estimated at $15 million/yr for the U.S. market.

In the face of Poult Enteritis Mortality Syndrome or PEMS and turkey corona virus inections in NC turkey flocks, it became apparent that basic disease prevention strategies were either not being employed or they were failing to prevent the spread of these diseases. NCSU Poultry Extension and NCSU College of Vet. Med. faculty developed a plan for dealing with all infectious transmissable diseases, which was implemented prior to the 1997 PEMS season. The program primarily involved monitoring of the various management practices that were actually being employed. By doing so, it was hoped to better define the critical control points for disease prevention in turkey flocks. This allowed specific practices to be targeted which could minimize the introduc- tion of infectious diseases. This program contributed to a reduction of severe PEMS cases from 77 during 1996 to less than 15 for 1997. Other diseases also decreased and production performance improved.

Based on applied research by NCSU Poultry Science Extension, most NC integrated turkey companies have adopted the practice of feeding higher levels of vitamin E in turkey poult diets to improve early disease resistance. Preliminary field results indicate that 100 IU of vitamin E/Kg of feed reduces 14-day mortality by approximately 1.5 percent. If adopted by all NC turkey growers, this practice has the potential of resulting in a savings of $1.2 million/yr. Older turkeys fed high dietary levels of vitamin E produced meat with improved water holding capacity and longer shelf life. Therefore, several NC turkey and broiler producers have begun feeding higher levels of vitamin E in their finishing diets to improve meat quality. Although it is difficult to estimate the true economic impact of this change, the improved meat quality and shelf-life received provides insurance against potential consumer complaints.

Applied research by NCSU Poultry Science Extension has shown that early chick mortality of Bobwhite quail can be greatly reduced by the feeding of a probiotic, a harmless naturally occurring bacterium, which competitively excludes pathogenic organisms from the quail's intestinal tract. Over 200 producers who raise over 6 million Bobwhite quail are currently using the probiotic tested. Since each quail chick is valued at 50 cents, and most producers have experienced about a 10 percent increase in livability during the first two weeks of life, this change has resulted in decreased losses of approximately $300,000 to these producers.

Based on these results, the Southern State's Cooperative has developed gamebird and ratite feeds containing the probiotic. As a result, their specialty feed sales have increased by approximately 17 percent.

According to provisions in N.C. Senate Bill 1217, NC poultry producers are required to develop and follow nutrient management plans that result in the quality of litter being applied not exceeding the nitrogen needs of the crops being grown. NCSU Cooperative Extension Specialists and NCCES County Agents, in cooperation with the NC Poultry Industry, cooperating state agency personnel and other collaborators, have developed an educational workshop on Dry Litter Management that will eventually reach nearly 4,000 poultry producers in NC. Educational materials (including a notebook)have been developed for each participant. Since the program is voluntary, the $25,000 of educational material costs associated with the workshop have been provided by the NC Poultry Industry. Approximately 40% of NC producers were trained prior to the end of 1997, with a goal of having all producers trained by the end of the summer of 1998.

Two years ago one beef producer in Caswell County was having problems losing heifers and calves. Calf losses in his herd exceeded 50 percent for first calf heifers and heifer losses of 20 percent. This was a tremendous financial loss for this producer plus the traumatic experience of having to deal with downed heifers or heifers that had to be rehabilitated due to calving difficulty.

After attending a program on Heat Synchronization and using AI to breed heifers to low birth weight bulls that were known easy calvers then his first calf heifer program turned around completely.

The last two years and in particular 1997, his calving percent for first calf heifers exceeded 90 percent with no assists and no dead heifers. This was a tremendous turn around from three years ago.

In 1998 this producer will again synchronize his first calf heifers and breed to low birth weight EPD bulls.

The Youth Livestock Show & Sale allowed youth to learn about livestock production, nutrition, record keeping, showmanship, and financial matters as they relate to a livestock project. The youth also learned about work ethics, responsiblity and discipline. The program involved staff members, twenty families, 130 businesses, community leaders, fair board, NCDA, & other agencies and produced over $20,000 in donations to the program. There were over 800 volunteer hours provided by the twelve member advisory committee.

On March 21, 1998 a Sheep and Goat Workshop was held at the Celebrity Dairy in Siler City with 100 producers in attendance. This five hour workshop consisted of programs concerning nutrition, vaccination and deworming and forage mangement. A live animal demonstation was also held. Post evaluation surveys given to those attending inicated the 99% found the workshop to be useful or very useful. Following the workshop in surveys of local agri-business, the trend was seen that the local agri-businesses that sell sheep and goat supplies were experiencing a 120% increase in sales over the same period one year ago. The agri-business managers are giving credit for this increase in sales to the Sheep and Goat Workshop.

County and area poultry Extension agents, and poultry Extension specialists from several NCSU CALS Departments worked with other researchers, integrator personnel and turkey growers to reduce production losses caused by disease exposure. Monitoring and educational programs were developed in order to combat Poult Enteritis and Mortality Syndrome (PEMS) which resulted in growers implementing disease prevention and control measures. Educational efforts focused on "why" biosecurity is important in disease prevention. Monitoring efforts centered on the presence and control of human traffic and pests in and around the poultry facilities. This initiative, along with other changes in production schemes, is credited with reductions in cases of PEMS and other diseases. Four turkey companies were involved and all reported improvements in disease control and bird performance. One company reported medication cost savings of 0.6 cents per pound. With production of over 350 million lbs., that's an annual savings of over $2.1 million.

The upland wild gamebird industry is estimated to produce annually $20 million of income in North Carolina. Gamebird producers, and specifically Bobwhite quail producers, have been experiencing approximately 20 percent mortality during the first two weeks of the life of their flocks, which results in large financial losses. Poultry Science Extension faculty conducted several field studies to determine if the supplement of a Probiotic or Direct-fed Microbial in the feed could improve the livability of Bobwhite quail chicks. The microbes provided in the supplement colonize the gut and thereby prevent gut colonization by bacterial pathogens. Based on the success of those DFM field trials over 200 growers, producing approximately 6 million quail annually, are currently using the DFM supplement. A reduction in the mortality rate of about 10 percent has been observed, and with each quail valued at $.50, the estimated annual savings to these producers is approximately $300,000.

Traditional rendering of animal mortality into meat meal eliminates the environmental risk with burial, but the high transport cost and the biosecurity risk associated with daily farm-to-farm pickup has previously prevented its widespread use. NCSU scientists have developed a method of grinding and preserving mortalities, either through lactic acid preservation or by the addition of phosphoric acid. These procedures destroy pathogens present in the ground materials, and they allow short and/or long-term storage of the material on the farm without spoilage, thereby allowing pick up on an infrequent basis. This technology is currently being installed on contract farms in NC, MO, AR, GA and MD. By the Spring of 1999, it is estimated that at least 10,000 tons of acid preserved mortalities will have been processed into value-added feed products. A group of integrated poultry and swine producers estimate this will save them $2 million annually in mortality transport costs.

CEMP 05 Child Care

In the month of January, in Forsyth County 4-H/AmeriCorps afterschool program, we taught about personal hygiene,to children who are 4th&5th graders at our sites. One little girl at Green Street was so excited about learning about her body, that she took her deodorant, shampoo, and personal hygiene samples to school the next day to show her teacher. This resulted in her school nurse aide calling me to find out how to start a program about personal hygiene at their school for 5th graders. She stated that the young lady was very excited about the programs in 4-H. Tonya Barkley was the AmeriCorps member who made such an impression on this child about keeping her body clean. We will continue to do exciting things in 4-H in Forsyth County.

In collaboration with the local housing authority,a grant was secured to train public housing youth as babysitters.By having certified sitters in the community,residents could attend programs/meetings without having to locate child care(a complaint often used by residents) Seven of eleven youth graduated & were certified eligible to receive payment for babysitting services.Youth attended 29 hours of instruction by 9 resource people teaching a variety of subjects.Two parents attending graduation stated"this program has really helped my childs' self-esteem" & "my girls really talk about what they learned". The Babysitters Circle(logo on t-shirts,certificates,& tote bags) are interested in meeting monthly to study more child care topics.

In response to the need of computer training for preschoolers, the Extension Center in swain county provides kids in all of the daycares, a day a week to learn more about the computer. The teachers have said that these children have improved their motor skills and have increased their knowledge of math and science. One hundred and sixteen children have participated since January 1, 1997.

Quality child care provides youth opportunities to build positive relationships with adults, to develop a sense of community, and to grow as individuals. These opportunities are provided through 4-H clubs organized in after-school care sites in Iredell County. One such club has begun a garden at their school. They are involved in preparing the ground, planting, and caring for the plants. The members are working in the garden to learn about the growth of plants, as well as the production of food crops. The members plan to donate the produce raised to local charitable groups including the homeless shelter and soup kitchen.

The licensed summer program for school-age children which began in 1996 has been continued with a 30 percent increase in participation. Additional interested youth must be put on a waiting list due to lack of available spaces. While volunteers are recruited to serve as guest speakers and program/project leaders, community citizens now contact us and ask to volunteer with our program. Children tell their parents/guardians not to pick them up until closing time because they're enjoying themselves so much. With limited available summer care for school-agers, 4H is meeting a critical need for working parents.

In the 4-H Discovery After-School Program a child attends daily that has been diagnosed borderline autistic. Three years ago this child would not raise her head off her chest or speak a word to the counselors or tutors. When given instructions, or asked for a response, she only pointed and gave a blank stare. We began working more one-on-one with this child, and in small group settings. We incorporated 4-H curriculum; SPACES and I've Got To Be Me into the after-school activities. We worked on self-esteem building and success in her daily activities. After three years this child still somedays only gives us a smile for a response, however, she walked down the runway at the 4-H Fashion Show in front of approx 300 people and read out loud at the 4-H Babysitting Clinic.

Communication between child care providers and parents is a key issue in quality child care. Through Extension's Child Care Training Units cirriculum, twenty three providers gained knowledge of the role effective communication plays in quality child care. One-on-one conversations and role playing activities defined communication techniques and demonstrated common barriers to effective communication. All providers stated that the training provided them with new knowledge and skills. Thirty three percent reported learning how to incorporate good communication skills into problem solving techinques. Twenty five percent said presenting negative situations to parents in a positive manner was a new skill they could immediately put into practice.

Wayne County 4-H collaborates with Goldsboro Housing Authority to provide after school care for families that live in the three inner city communities. There are a total of 76 students in these programs. Each day these students attend the program after school until 6:00 p.m. The program in two communities operate full days during the summer and school holidays. Another program operates half days during this time. Youth in the program are divided into age groups and participate in a variety of activities including 4-H projects, recreation and homework. Evaluations of these students' third nine-weeks report cards show that 94 percent of the students had no failing subjects. This is a direct response of the 4-H after school staff working with these youth on their homework.

Over the past 6 months approximately 150 child care providers and Directors have participated in monthly child care programs designed to enhance the quality and care provided to the children and families of Jones County. As a result, 10 providers have began completing the CDA application for acceptance intp the credential program. 5 Directors have reported a significant improvement in skills and knowledge of about 20f their staff. Parents have also reported that they can seen significant differences in the techniques being used in caring for their children.

The Assessing School Age Quality program began with four school age child care providers participating in "First Steps" training. They introduced the program concepts to other staff persons at Better Beginnings Child Care Center and Manteo Elementary School. Areas of need were identified and they began to work toward positive changes. Better Beginnings carried this process of positive change into the summer program. A variety of new experiences incorporated community resources and volunteers, resulting in an enriched summer program for youth participants. This quality care allows children to grow to the best of their abilities, and in areas which tap their creativity and strength, allowing them to excel. As a result of these experiences, parents reported: "Kids came home happy." "She gave up a day at Grandmother's to go to summer activity." "Smiles were on their faces at the end of the day." The ASQ program is funded by a grant

Summer day camp programs for middle school youth provided quality child care for working parents and a stimulating educational and social environment for youth. Conscientious staff members provided quality programming and supervision for the youth. Youth participated in adventure programs, field trips and community service projects. The program was a big hit with youth and parents alike. Parent Burnie Lethig stated, "The Endless Summer Program created an excitement about learning." Parent Christine Boyle remarked, "4-H Endless Summer is definately something that I support and would be interested in seeing continued next year." Diane and Frank Libretto's note of thanks said, "Our daughter loved the crafts, trips, camper instruction and mostly the counselors. They did a terrific job. As working parents this program gave us security for our daughter's safety and well being. Please do a duplication of this program again. Thank you for an excellent summer program."

Better child care is a dire need in Forsyth County.Teachers and directors have trouble providing age-appropriate activities for young children.Cooperative Extension taught information on writing effective lesson plans and designing learning activities for children(infancy-5years).Participant (s) received at least 8 hours of training focusing on the needs of children.By the end of training, 75 per cent of the 148 child care professionals were able to develop a lesson plan based on the developmental levels of young children and use of hands-on applications to teach children.

Playground Safety Training Workshops were presented in compliance with State Child Care regulations by the 4-H School-age Care Coordinator. These workshop offered the fundamentals of providing safe playground for infants, toddlers and school agers.

Approximately 60 providers have been cerified through the Extension sponsored training. Follow up visits have been conducted with 5 centers, utilizing the playground safety kits.

Centers and home sites trained represent approximately 300- 400 youth.

Fifty-five Childcare providers and support staff received nutrition information to improve their lives and the lives of the 175 children in their care. The Director of one Center said, that the workshop she attended really has changed the way she looks at food. She said, "It made me more aware of how important good nutrition is and why it is necessary to read food labels and to use the food pyramid as a eating plan to stay healthy." The goal was to have providers put what they learned into practice. Follow-up evaluations show that providers are making positive changes at home, and at their Centers.

Parents of children enrolled in the 4-H Afterschool program report: "My husband and I both work and we consider this program a lifesaver, in that we know where our children are afterschool and that they are well taken care of. Without the 4-H Afterschool Program many children would be without a good, safe place to go. I have nothing but praise for this program and it's staff."

"The Ashe County Fleetwood Short Stops Program has provided my child with a quality afterschool program that enables me to continue to work with peace of mind. They provide a safe, nurturing environment that allows my child to finish his homework, snack, work on projects that are educational and fun."

Conducted eight staff development training sessions reaching 194 persons. Topics covered were diversity, science, teaching children with attention deficit disorder, foods and nutrition, gardening, healthy habits for healthy eating, puppets, and building a filing system of program ideas. Directors from centers report that the staff use the program ideas and materials presented in the classrooms. Twwenty-seven teens developed babysitting and child care skills to assist in improving the quality of childcare. The students were certified in CPR for one year. The students reported that they felt comfortable providing childcare for other youth.

On October 28, 1997 I did my very first workshop on effective communication between childcare poroviders and the parents. Participants expressed they were very informed and felt the workshop was extremely helpful. They also noted the interactiveness of the workshop was a plus for helping them learn the material. Jennifer Burnette also mentioned October 31, 1997 that after visiting an area daycare setting the participants were still talking about how much they had enjoyed the workshop and how they would be putting what they had learned into practice.

Twelve daycare centers gained five credit hours in Playground Safety. Each provider increased their knowledge of appropriate playground equipment, layouts, surfacing, laws and regulations regarding equipment and reporting. As of December 1997, 55 daycares centers, both Lenoir and Greene Counties have been trained recieving the state's requirement (4 hours) for certification. 1,226 hours have been awarded to child-care providers.

CEMP 06 Community and Economic Development

The Crestdale Community Association was becoming dysfunctional as the team process broke down and some members began making plans to establish a separate corporation.

The CRD Agent attended monthly meetings of open dialogue with the 40+ memberships. Technical assis